2. THE FIRST HUMAN SOCIETIES 1. Small populations with low density sim Small (25-50 people); kinship groups; slow pop growth; seasonally mobile; ¿interrupted by volcano?; moved frequently and in regular patterns; not much surplus; couldn’t transport goods 2. Egalitarian cot societies No hierarchies; constrained by forces of nature; no specialists (separate male/female roles; male success=kill large animals; men/women close to equal; 70/30% of diet; different morality issues; no value on things 3. Widespread violence Physical competition among men (bloody); wife beating; executions

3. ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1. The “original affluent society?” Modern view of these people; anthropologists studies: worked fewer hours to meet needs, more leisure time, wanted or needed so little; life expectancy low (35 avg); dependent on nature 2. Altering the environment Deliberately set fires to encourage growth (1491); extinction of non- fire resistant plants; extinction of large animals at hand of humans most likely: Australia, NA, Siberia, Madagascar, Pacific Islands; but also coupled with climate changes; other humanoids also disappeared: Neanderthals (Europe) and Flores man (Indonesia); ***Scholars do not know how the Neanderthals and Flores man died out…possible reasons: massacre, interbreeding, or peaceful competition.

4. THE REALM OF THE SPIRIT, PAGE 1 1. Ceremonial space Presence of rock art deep inside caves and far from living spaces; burial sites; part-time shamans led religious ceremonies (shaman=someone believed to be skilled at dealing with the spirit world); altered state of consciousness/trance usually with the aid of psychoactive drugs. 2. Cyclical view of time (not sure abt this title) Understanding the nonmaterial world; some Paleo people were monotheists; Others had several levels of supernatural beings: Creator Deity, territorial spirits, the spirits of the dead ancestors, impersonal force suffused throughout the natural order that could be accessed by shamans during a trance dance.

5. THE REALM OF THE SPIRIT, PAGE 2 Venus figurines and other symbols all across Europe have some convinced of a strong feminine dimension embodied in a Great Goddess who was concerned with the regeneration and renewal of life. Developed a cyclical view of time b/c of changing phases of the moon and cycles of female fertility—birth, menstruation, pregnancy, new birth, and death….endless repeated patterns. The Western view saw a linear view of time. Some believed that there was no distinction between the physical and spiritual worlds. Animals, rocks, trees, mountains, and much more were animated by spirit or possessed souls of their own. Scholars call them animistic and regarded them as primitive or simple to later religions.

6. SETTLING DOWN: THE GREAT TRANSITION 1. New tools and collecting wild grains Miniaturization cot :spearpoints, arrowheads, knives, and scrapers (microblades); innovation 2. Climate change and permanent communities Ice Age ends between 16,000-10,000bc; global warming trend-part of the cyclical patterns of the earth; some chose to settle down (sedentary) which led the society to be more complex; store goods, inequality begins b/c some have more; Jomon, wooden implements and pottery; pattern extends to Scandinavia, SE Asia, NA, ME b/t 12000-4000 years ago, elaborate burial sites, kinship systems, separate cemeteries for dogs

7. SETTLING DOWN: THE GREAT TRANSITION 3. Göbekli Tepe: “The First Temple” (SE Turkey) 11,600 ya, pillars 16t and T shaped, 20 circles, carved animals: gazelles, snakes, boars, foxes; ceremonial site, monumental architecture 4. Settlements make greater demands on environment Chumash in Southern California had developed large perm. structures (70), hereditary pol. elites, market econ, use of money, private ownership of some property, class distinctions ctot ***Sedentary communities place a greater demand on the environment than foragers; needs become greater; agriculture begins to increase food supply.