1. Classical and Operant Conditioning

2. Classical Conditioning A type of learning in which an organisms comes to associate stimuli A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus…begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus Involves unavoidable physical associations Involuntary

3. Classical Conditioning Continued Unconditioned Response- the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation to meat) Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (meat causing salivation) Conditioned Response-the learned response to a previously natural but now conditioned stimulus (salivation to bell) Conditioned stimulus- an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus come to trigger a conditioned response (bell causing salivation) Unconditioned and conditioned response are the same

4. Extra Vocabulary Acquisition- initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase that associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when a unconditioned stimuli does not follow a unconditioned stimuli does not follow a conditioned stimulus Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response Generalization- the tendency, once a response has been conditioned. For stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response Discrimination- the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

5. Operational Conditioning A type of learning that in which behavior is strengthened of followed by a reinforcer and diminished if followed by a punisher Involves learning caused by the actions we perform Voluntary [Skinner Box]

6. Reinforcement Any event that increases the frequency of the desired behavior Positive - presenting a stimulus Negative - removing a stimulus Positive reinforcement - presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired behavior Negative reinforcement – removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

7. Punishment Any event that decreases the frequency of an undesired behavior Positive - presenting a stimulus Negative - removing a stimulus Positive Punishment - adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior Negative punishment - removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior

8. Extra Vocabulary Extinction- the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced Shaping- procedure in which rein forcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior (Clicker in dog training) Primary Reinforcer- an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (ex. Eating, breathing, love) Conditioned (secondary) Reinforcer- a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer Continuous Reinforcer- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement- reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but has a much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement does.