1. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Chapter 31

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Dependent on sex hormones  Males—testosterone  Females—estrogen, FSH, and LH  Sexual differentiation in utero  Homologous structures  Gonads  Ducts Mesonephric Mesonephric Paramesonephric Paramesonephric

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Negative feedback system  Present at term pregnancy  Gonadostat responds to placental estrogen  Release of GnRH

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Puberty  8 to 12 years of age gonads produce more sex hormones  Begins with thelarche and ends with menstrual period in females  Begins with voice changes and ends with mature sperm in males

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System  Puberty  Adrenarche  Decreased gonadostat sensitivity  Positive feedback system between LH, FSH, and GnRH

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Development of the Reproductive System

9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Reproductive System  External genitalia (vulva)  Mons pubis  Labia majora  Labia minora  Clitoris  Vestibule

10. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Reproductive System  External genitalia (vulva)  Introitus Hymen Hymen  Lesser vestibular glands (Skene glands)  Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin glands)  Perineum  Perineal body

11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. External Genitalia (Vulva)

12. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia  Vagina  Uterus  Cervix  Fallopian tubes  Ovaries

13. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia

14. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Uterine Position

15. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Internal Genitalia

16. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Ovary

17. Follicle Development

18. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Female Sex Hormones  Estrogens Review Box 31-1  Estradiol (E2)  Estrone  Estriol  Progesterone  Androgens

19. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle  Menarche  Menopause  Phases  Menstruation (menses)  Follicular/proliferative phase  Luteal/secretory phase  Ischemic/menstrual phase

20. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle

21. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Female Reproductive Cycle Cycle

22. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Menstrual Cycle  Ovarian cycle  Uterine phases  Vaginal response  Body temperature change

23. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Fertilization

24.  External genitalia  Testes Produce gametes and sex hormones Produce gametes and sex hormones  Epididymis Vas deferens Vas deferens  Scrotum  Penis Glans and prepuce Glans and prepuce Male Reproductive System

25. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

26. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System Development

27. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

28. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Reproductive System

29. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Internal genitalia  Ducts Vas deferens and ejaculatory Vas deferens and ejaculatory  Glands Seminal vesicles Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Bulbourethral glands Male Reproductive System

30. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Male Internal Genitalia

31. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Spermatogonia  Primary spermatocytes  Secondary spermatocytes  Spermatids  Sertoli cells Spermatogenesis

32. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Spermatogenesis

33. Male Reproductive System

34. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Androgens  Primary androgen—testosterone  Produced mainly in the Leydig cells of the testes  Testosterone Sexual differentiation Sexual differentiation Urogenital system development Urogenital system development Nervous and skeletal tissue development Nervous and skeletal tissue development Libido Libido Male Sex Hormones

35. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast  Modified sebaceous glands on the ventral surface of the thorax  Female breast  Nipple  Areola  Glands of Montgomery

36. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast  Male breast  Until puberty, male and female breast development is similar  Without the sufficient influence of estrogen and progesterone, the male breast does not develop any further

37. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Structure and Function of the Breast

38. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Breast

39. Structure and Function of the Breast

40. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Female Reproductive System  Perimenopause  Ovarian, uterine, and systemic changes Vasomotor flush Vasomotor flush  Menopause  Breast tissue, urogenital, skeletal, and cardiac changes

41. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Perimenopausal Hormone Transition

42. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Male Reproductive System  The male’s reproductive capacity is longer than the female’s  There is not an event comparable to menopause  Decreased erectile and ejaculatory function

43. Elsevier items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Aging and the Male Reproductive System  Testes atrophy, decrease in weight, and soften  Decreased levels of testosterone; gonadotropins increase