1. Design a Photoflash Charging Circuit

2.  Not in the lab manual. It is posted on the course Scholar site.

3. The circuit charges a large capacitor using a relatively low time constant so that the capacitor current doesn’t exceed the amount that a typical alkaline battery or set of batteries can supply. – An LED display is used to show that the capacitor is a) charging and b) charged sufficiently. A switch in the time constant of the circuit is then implemented so that the energy stored in the capacitor is quickly discharged through the flash bulb, enabling a large amount of current to flow in a short period of time. – The amount of light given off by the flash bulb and the color of the light are dependent on the square of the current.

4. Design the front-end of a circuit that could be used in a camera flash.

5. Construct a circuit such that: – the capacitor charges to ~7V in 5 seconds when a switch is closed between the 9V supply and the rest of the circuit, – the capacitor discharges to 0V in 4 minutes when a switch is closed after the capacitor has been fully charged (this is done to insure that there is no residual charge left on the capacitor if the flash is not used), – a red LED is lit only while the capacitor is charging and the current flowing through the red LED is ~ 3-4 mA, – a green LED is lit when the voltage on the capacitor has reached 80% of its maximum value and the current flowing through the green LED is ~ 10 mA.

6.  You have to determine the values for R1, R2, C1, and RL as well as Vref to meet the design specifications.

8.  Use a LF356 instead of the LM324 used in the circuit simulation ◦ The reason to use the LF356 is because it has a high input impedance.  Use a single switch ◦ The two switches are needed to simulate the operation of a Photoflash circuit properly in Pspice.

9.  Using the cursor on the software oscilloscope ◦ Measure 5 data points as the capacitor charges,  Data should include the initial voltage across the capacitor (should be 0V), the time at which the switch is closed, the maximum voltage across the capacitor, and three voltage vs. time measurements in between the initial and final conditions. ◦ Fit the data to the appropriate equation to determine the time constant of the charging circuit.

10. Using the cursor on the software oscilloscope – Measure 5 data points as the capacitor slowly discharges Data should include the initial voltage across the capacitor (~7V), the time at which the switch opened and the capacitor begins to discharge, and four other points. – Do not wait until the capacitor fully discharges to obtain the final condition of the capacitor. – Fit the data to appropriate equation, but use a Taylor series expansion for Remember that the Taylor series expansion is valid when (t-t o )/  <<1

11. To determine accuracy of your design and whether the leakage through your capacitor affects the charge and discharge time constants, you must measure R1 and R2. Unfortunately, you can’t measure the value of C1 because it is beyond the range of the DMM. See the specifications on the tolerance for the capacitor that are listed in the Appendix of the lab manual and in the file about the Parts Kit posted on the OpEL website. WARNING: Do not measure the value of any capacitor using your DMM unless you sure that there is no charge stored on the capacitor or you may damage your DMM. – Do not place a wire directly across a capacitor to discharge it. The instantaneous current will be very high. Please a resistor across the terminals of a capacitor to limit the peak inrush current.