1. Organic Chemistry Ch. 11 and 12

2. What is Organic chemistry? What does organic mean to you? The name organic was given to molecules found in living organisms Now, organic chemistry refers to the chemistry of carbon compounds –Carbon is important to life because of its ability to form an endless number of molecules CH 4 – methane gas Proteins Cotton, wool, silk CH 3 CH 2 OH - Ethanol

3. Organic Compounds Typically, organic compounds  Contain carbon.  Have covalent bonds.  Have low melting points.  Have low boiling points.  Are flammable..  Are soluble in nonpolar solvents.

4. Bonding in Organic Compounds Carbon has 4 valence electrons (lone electrons) C This means there are four places for it to bound to other atoms in order for carbon to achieve an octet C 1 3 2 4

5. Bonding with Hydrogen Carbon has 4 lone electrons; hydrogen has 1. Carbon has 4 lone electrons; hydrogen has 1. C H C H To achieve an octet, carbon forms four bonds. To achieve an octet, carbon forms four bonds. H H H H | | H  C  H H—C—H CH 4, methane | | H H H H

6. Tetrahedral Nature of Carbon When carbon forms four bonds to other atoms, the bonds are situated 109.5 o apart from each other. This arrangement is a tetrahedral arrangement.

7. Organic Molecules In organic molecules, valence electrons form covalent bonds between carbon atoms Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen are call hydrocarbons H H H H | | H  C  C  H H—C—C—H Ethane,CH 3 CH 3 | | H H H H

8. Other Elements Carbon in organic compounds also commonly forms covalent bonds with N, O, S, and halogens (Cl, Br)

9. Learning Check Complete the structure of the organic molecule by adding the correct number of hydrogen atoms. C—C—C

10. Learning Check Complete the structure of the organic molecule by adding the correct number of hydrogen atoms. H H H | | | H—C—C—C—H | | | H H H

11. Alkanes Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds General formula = C n H 2n+2 –n = number of carbons

12. Uses of Alkanes Small number of carbons (1 – 4 carbons) –gases –Heating fuels – propane, butane 5 – 8 carbons –Liquids –Fuels – gasoline, kerosene, diesel, jet fuel 18 + carbons –Waxy solids –Waxes (paraffins), Vaseline

13. Conformation of Alkanes Because of the tetrahedral shape of carbon bonds, carbon bonds are in a zigzag pattern Atoms can rotate around a single carbon-carbon bond –Different arrangements that can occur because of this are called conformations

14. Expanded and Condensed Formulas Expanded structural formula = all individual bonds (indicated with dashes) and atoms are drawn Condensed structural formula =each carbon atom is grouped with its bonded hydrogen atoms. Subscripts are used to indicate number of H’s and bonds are indicated with dashes Skeletal Formula= only carbons and bonds(as dashes) are represented- Hydrogens are implied

15. Expanded and Condensed Formulas Line bond formulas = lines represent carbon-carbon bonds. No individual atom is indicated. Hydrogens and Carbons are implied. Molecular Formula= Atoms are represented and subscripts are used to indicate the number of each atom. No bonds are drawn. Geometric Formula= Similar to line bond formulas, but used for cyclic compounds.

16. IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Determined protocol for naming organic compounds Pentane –Prefix states number of carbons Pent - = five carbons –Suffix shows kind of compound -ane = alkane, only single carbon bonds

17. Prefixes (Table 11.2)

18. Cycloalkanes Hydrocarbons do not need to be in a chain, they can also form circular structures

19. Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes: Are rings of carbons that can be drawn as geometric figures. Have a general formula of C n H 2n or 2 H less than the alkane. propane C 3 H 8 cyclopropane C 3 H 6. butane C 4 H 10 cyclobutane C 4 H 8. Are named with the prefix cyclo- in front of the corresponding alkane name.

20. Table 11.4 CyclopropaneCyclohexaneCyclopentaneCyclobutane LINE BOND FORMULAS FOR SOME CYCLOALKANES C3H6C3H6 C4H8C4H8 C 5 H 10 C 6 H 12

21. Naming Alkanes Molecular formulas do not tell us the structure –constitutional isomers Carbon compounds can be continuous-chain or branched-chained

22. Substituents Substituents are groups of atoms that replace a hydrogen on a carbon chain –Blue flashcards! *need to know!!* If the substituent is a hydrocarbon, it is called an alkyl group –The alkyl group is named by replacing the – ane with -yl

23. Some of these included in Table 11.5

24. Steps for naming alkanes 1. Name the longest continuous chain of carbons as the main chain 2. Number the carbon atoms in the main chain starting on the end nearest a substituent -Where there are 2 or more substituents, the main chain should be numbered to give the lowest possible number set

25. Naming Alkanes Cont. 3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain - use prefixes (di-, tri-) if a group appears more than once 4. List the substituents in alphabetical order

26. Naming 1. Name Longest Chain First= hexane 2. Number Carbons from the end with the nearest substituent.

27. 3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain 2-methyl-4-ethylhexane 4. List substituents in alphabetical order. 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane

28. Naming 1. Name Longest Chain First= heptane 2. Number Carbons from the end with the nearest substituent.

29. 3. Give the location and name of each alkyl group in front of the name of the main chain 2,5-dimethylheptane 4. List substituents in alphabetical order. Fine as is!

30. Try a Few! On board exercise!

31. Drawing Structural Formulas Step 1 – Draw the main chain of carbon atoms Step 2 – Draw the substituents on the main chain in the positions indicated by the location numbers Step 3 – Fill in the correct number of hydrogen atoms to give four bonds to each carbon atom

32. Draw 2,3-dimethylpentane 1. Draw Main Chain of Carbon atoms C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C 2. Draw the substituents on the main chain in the positions indicated by the location numbers

33. 3. Fill in the correct number of hydrogen atoms to give four bonds to each carbon atom

34. Try a few! 2,3,5-trimethylhexane 3-ethylpentane 4-isopropyloctane

35. Isomers Isomers Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula Example: C 5 H 12

36. Constitutional Isomers Most organic compounds have structural isomers and their number increases as the number of atoms increases

37. Physical Properties of Constitutional Isomers Different structural arrangement can result in very different physical properties

38. Drawing Isomers Step 1 – Draw the longest continuous chain Step 2 – Remove one carbon from the chain and attach it as a methyl group in as many locations as possible Step 3 – Remove another carbon atom from the main chain and attach as another alkyl group

39. Try Some Draw isomers for C 4 H 10 –Practice Naming!!

40. Haloalkanes An alkane in which halogen atoms replace one or more hydrogens Used as solvents and anesthetics CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons) were used a propellants in aerosols –React with ozone in the upper atmosphere –Resulted in ozone depletion over the Antarctic

41. Naming Haloalkanes IUPAC names for halogen substituents are: Fluorine = fluoro- Chlorine = chloro- Bromine = bromo- Iodine = iodo- The halo-substituents are numbered and arranged alphabetically, like we did before

42. Other substituents Use the same naming rules –Number position on the parent chain –Put in alphabetical order

43. Naming Cycloalkanes A cycloalkane with: One substitutuent is named by placing the name of the substituent in front of the cycloalkane name. Two or more substitutuents is named by numbering the ring in the direction that gives the lower numbers to the substituents.

44. Cycloalkanes with Side Groups

45. Try Some! On Board Exercise

46. Worksheet 1 You can now complete worksheet 1.

47. Alkanes are typically not very reactive due to strong C-C single bonds. The most typical reaction is combustion, where an alkane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. alkane + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy Chemical Properties of Alkanes

48. Combustion A fuel such as propane reacts with oxygen and burns, producing CO 2 and H 2 O. Propane is burned to obtain energy and heat for cooking or warming a room. C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O

49. Incomplete combustion It is dangerous to burn fuels in a closed room With limited amounts of oxygen, incomplete combustion occurs –This produced carbon monoxide, which is a toxic gas 2CH 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO(g) + 4H 2 O(g) + heat

50. Balancing Combustion Reactions Use the CHO method- Balance Carbons first, then hydrogens, then oxygens C 3 H 8 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O C 3 H 8 + O 2 3 CO 2 + H 2 O C 3 H 8 + O 2 3 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O C 3 H 8 + 5 O 2 3 CO 2 + 4 H 2 O

51. Balancing Combustion Reactions You may have to use fractions to start! CH 4 (g) + O 2 (g) CO(g) + H 2 O(g) CH 4 (g) + O 2 (g) CO(g) + 2H 2 O(g) CH 4 (g) + 3/2 O 2 (g) CO(g) + 2H 2 O(g) 2[CH 4 (g) + 3/2 O 2 (g) CO(g) +2 H 2 O(g)] 2CH 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO(g) + 4H 2 O(g)

52. Classifying Carbon Atoms Primary Carbons (1 o )- Bonded to only one other carbon atom Secondary Carbons (2 o )- Bonded to two other carbon atoms Tertiary Carbons (3 o )- Bonded to three other carbons

53. Functional Groups Millions of compounds possible However, certain structures behave in similar manners These are called functional groups For now: Alkanes –Saturated Hydrocarbons Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics –Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

54. Background: Double Bonds Two nonmetal atoms can share more than one set of electrons Sharing four electrons = double bond H C C H

55. Background: Triple Bonds Two nonmetals can also form triple bonds = sharing 6 electrons

56. Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain one or more double bonds Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds Aromatic ring (benzene) is 6 carbons cyclized with alternating double bonds

57. Unsaturated hydrocarbons:  Have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes.  Are alkenes with double bonds or alkynes with triple bonds. Ch. 12-Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

58. Alkenes Contain at least one double bonds Important in manufacturing and in human and plant functioning –Hormones –Ripening fruit –Ethene used to make polymers

59. Alkynes Contain at least one triple bond Not found in nature often Acetylene – used in welding torches +

60.  In the IUPAC system, the –ane ending of the corresponding alkane is changed to –ene for alkenes and to –yne for alkynes. Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

61. When the carbon chain has 4 or more C atoms, the chain is numbered to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond. 1 CH 2 =CH—CH 2 —CH 3 1-butene 2 CH 3 —CH=CH—CH 2 —CH 3 2-pentene 3 CH 3 —CH 2 —C  C—CH 2 —CH 3 3 -hexyne Naming Alkenes and Alkynes

62. More Naming If you have more than 1 double or triple bond: –Name them as dienes or diynes CH 2 =CH—CH 2 —CH 2 =CH 3 1, 4 - pentadiene 1 2 3 4 5 CH  C—CH 2 —C  C—CH 2 —CH 3 ????

63. More Naming If you have more than 1 double or triple bond: –Name them as dienes or diynes CH 2 =CH—CH 2 —CH 2 =CH 3 1, 4 - pentadiene 1 2 3 4 5 CH  C—CH 2 —C  C—CH 2 —CH 3 1, 4 - heptadiyne

64. Alkenes and Alkynes with Substituents 1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the double or triple bond 2. Number the chain starting at the end nearest the double or triple bond. 4-methyl-1-pentene

65. Try One!

66. Naming Cyclic Alkenes and Alkynes Use –ene instead of -ane The double bond of a cycloalkene is understood to be between Carbon 1 and Carbon 2. Number from there to get the lowest possible number set.

67. Practice! On Board Exercise

68. Cis-Trans Isomers Double Bonds do not rotate freely! Introducing a new type of isomer!

69. Cis-Trans Isomers  Two isomers are possible when groups are attached to the double bond.  In a cis isomer, groups are attached on the same side of the double bond.  symmetrical  In the trans isomer, the groups are attached on opposite sides.  unsymmetrical

70. Naming Cis-Trans Isomers The prefixes cis or trans are placed in front of the alkene name when there are cis-trans isomers. cis-1,2-dibromoethene trans-1,2-dibromoethene

71. Worksheet 2 You can now complete worksheet 2.

72. Addition Reactions  Double and triple bonds are weaker than single bonds  More reactive  In the addition reaction, reactants are added to the carbon atoms in the double or triple bond.

73. Addition Reactions H 2 C=CH 2 + A—B  H 2 C—CH 2 A B

74. Hydrogenation  In hydrogenation, hydrogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.  A catalyst such as Pt or Ni is used to speed up the reaction.

75. Hydrogenation of Oils  When hydrogen adds to the double bonds in vegetable oils, the products are solids at room temperature.

76. Halogenation In halogenation, halogen atoms add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.

77. Testing for Double and Triple Bonds When bromine (Br 2 ) is added to an alkane, the red color of bromine persists. When bromine (Br 2 ) is added to an alkene or alkyne, the red color of bromine disappears immediately.

78. Hydrohalogenation In hydrohalogenation, the atoms of a hydrogen halide add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond.

79. Markovnikov’s Rule When an unsymmetrical alkene undergoes hydrohalogenation, the H in HX adds to the carbon in the double bond that has the greater number of H.

80. Hydration Adds Water In hydration, H and OH from water add to the carbon atoms of a double bond or triple bond to form alcohols (OH). The reaction is catalyzed by acid H +.

81. Worksheet 3 You can now complete worksheet 3.

82. Aromatic Compounds Benzene is  An aromatic compound.  A ring of 6 C atoms and 6 H atoms.  Alternating single and double bonds  Aromatic compounds often have fragrant odors

83. Aromatic Compounds in Nature and Medicine

84. A benzene with a single substituent is often named as a benzene derivative. Methylbenzene Chlorobenzene A benzene ring as a substituent is called a phenyl- group Naming Aromatic Compounds

85. Some substituted benzene rings have common names that have been in use for many years. Also, know naphthalene (2 fused rings) Some Common Names

86. A benzene ring with two or more substituents is numbered to give the lowest numbers to the side groups. Common names use the prefixes ortho- (1,2-), meta- (1,3-) and para- (1,4-). Naming Aromatic Compounds