1. Fall of Rome & Rise of the Byzantine Empire

2. Constantinople Modern day Istanbul Located on the Bosporus Straits
Built by Constantine the Great in the 4th Century
First Christian city

3. Constantinople
Chain extended the Golden Horn to protect against invaders
Center of trade for centuries

4. Walls and Military
divided land into Themes or regions to recruit troops
- largely ineffective and created powerful governors
- invention of “Greek Fire”
- petroleum based product stuck to surface and could not be put out
Frequently paid invaders for peace
- military was generally weak
- usually filled with mercenaries

6. Icons frequent problems between differing factions in Christianity
Iconoclasts vs. Iconodules
Nature of Christ
- Divine or man
Influence spread to Russia through Orthodox

7. Justinian’s Code
Emperor Justinian's desire that existing Roman law be collected into a simple and clear system of laws, or "code”
Saved Roman Law for today

8. Fall of Western Rome Chaos in Europe Constant warfare Beginning of the
Middle Ages:

9. Middle Ages

10. Vocabulary Serf/serfdom- Rural- Feudalism- Urban- Centralized-
Decentralized-
Bartering-
Fief-
Vassal-
Chivalry-
Investiture-

11. Charlemagne Stopped Muslim advance into Europe
United much of Western Europe under
his kingdom
Defeated German tribes
- converted Germanic tribes to Christianity
- Pope Leo proclaimed him Holy Roman Emperor
- - basically in charge of the Catholic Church

12. Vikings Terrified Europe with their raids
Explored wide areas of the Atlantic-even America!
Viking ships needed very little water to float, so to get into rivers and attack deep into heart of Europe
Given Normandy in France as protection from further raids

13. Prince John brother of Richard the “Lion hearted”
- threw people off of their land
raised taxes
abused power of king
1215-Magna Carta
nobles united against John and attempted to limit the power of the monarchy
- held democratic principles

14. Knights Aristocrats Primogeniture- first born son inherits everything
Large population of knights with
no land or future/ caused lots of
problems

15. Monarchy Generally very weak Held limited authority over their kingdom
Nobles were frequently more powerful than the king
King controlled through
ability to give out honors
such as: land and titles as
well as through the nobilities
okay.

16. Serfs and Manors Serfs were the lowest class Manors
Tied to land, much like slaves
Extremely poor
No chance to improve
Manors
Medieval town
Born and died here!
Self sufficient economy
Barter system

17. Feudalism

18. Castles
Cities became fortified since the king had limited control from raiders like the Vikings.
Nobles built them for protection and to rival the kings authority.

19. The Norman Invasion
English kings began to marry into French nobility from Normandy (old Viking region)
Edward the Confessor was King of England from and left no heir to his throne.
Harold Godwinson,
was the most powerful noble
in England and easily claimed
the throne.

20. The Norman Invasion
Upon taking the throne Harold had to fight two contenders for the throne:
Harold’s exiled brother Tostig invaded England from the north.
The Battle of Stamford Bridge
Harold defeated and
killed Tostig
Victory cost Harold several
thousand troops

21. The Norman Invasion
Harold then moved south to fight William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy
The Battle of Hastings
Infantry vs. Cavalry
William could not break Harold’s infantry formations and was losing.
William faked retreating to
lure Harold’s army to chase
them.
William turned and destroyed
Harold’s army and became the undisputed king of England.

22. The Catholic Church Only organized bureaucracy in Europe
Nations had no economy after Rome fell and little political control
Educated
Clergy could read
Europe had about 90% illiteracy rate
Collected taxes and controlled vast amounts of land

23. Avignon Papacy
France was becoming a powerful nation and wanted a French pope.
Forced election and moved Papacy to Avignon, France for 100 years
Destroyed credibility of Church
Italy eventually elected an Italian Pope while the French elected their own.
Attempted to move back to Rome, but mobs almost killed the Pope
To fix the problem a third Pope called the “Anti-Pope” was elected to arbitrate
In the end all three resigned and a new Pope was elected in Rome.