1. 学习者书面语中的程序化词汇研究 Procedural vocabulary and EFL writing quality 梁茂成 frank@liang.com.cn

2. What is procedural vocabulary Hypotheses and methodology DIY step by step Wrap-up

3. What is procedural vocabulary General strategic vocabulary consisting of lexical items which do not belong to any schema. Common core of vocabulary With very little content An important role in the elaboration of rhetorical functions related to the explanation of content.

4. What is procedural vocabulary A frequency list Functional Words Procedural Vocabulary Schematic Vocabulary

5. What is procedural vocabulary Students require a procedural vocabulary which helps them understand and to use the technical (i.e., schematic) vocabulary; Procedural vocabulary is very useful in establishing word meaning. How vs. What

6. Marco (1999) identified 9 categories of procedural vocabulary, and listed the most commonly used PV items in English. What is procedural vocabulary

7. Hypotheses and methodology 1/3 EFL learners use fewer procedural vocabulary items than do native speakers of English; The number of procedural vocabulary items in student writing correlates with the quality of their written production.

8. Hypotheses and methodology 2/3 A list of procedural vocabulary items needs to be created; Learner texts and a native-speaker corpus need to be search for the number of procedural vocabulary items; The frequencies of procedural vocabulary items need to be entered into SPSS for correlation analysis.

9. Hypotheses and methodology 3/3 Data – 90 student compositions (28,037 tokens) were collected; raters were employed to score the essays so that the quality of the essays could be represented; – For the purpose of comparison, a collection of argumentative essays written by American university students make up the reference corpus (from LOCNESS) (149,357 tokens).

10. DIY step by step Major Steps List of procedural vocabulary (c:\workshop\liang\tools\pv.txt) File-based concordancing

11. DIY step by step Count the total number of procedural vocabulary items in NNS texts; Save concordancing results as an Excel spreadsheet Open ‘NS concordance’ (c:\workshop\liang\tools\ns_concordance. cnc)

12. DIY step by step Open concordancing results in Excel; Copy data in ‘file’ column into SPSS for frequency analysis; Copy results into data.sav (c:\workshop\liang\tools\) as new variable

13. DIY step by step The new variable is correlated with rater-assigned scores.

14. Wrap-up

15. File-based concordancing is more preferable when there is a large amount of data to process; Wordsmith Tools has a user-friendly interface with statistical tools such as Microsoft Excel and SPSS.

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17. Example