1. Grammar Lesson 15 November 18, 2015 Page 90 Review Set 15 6-30

2. Review Past, Present, and Future Tense Past tense- shows an action which already happened. Normally, the verb is modified with the suffix –ed or –d. Present tense- shows an action which is currently occurring. Normally, the verb is modified with the suffix – s or –es. Future tense- shows an action which has not occurred yet. Do not modify the verb itself, but use either will or shall. The word shall is only used if the subject is I or we.

3. Review Past, Present, and Future Tense Continued PastPresentFuture helpedhelpsWill/shall help manipulatedmanipulatesWill/shall manipulate danceddancesWill/shall dance workedworksWill/shall work twirledtwirlsWill/shall twirl

4. Review Past, Present, Future Tense Irregular verbs and other special rules When a verb ends with the letter y preceded by a consonant, you usually need to drop the y and turn it into an i before adding ed or es. For example, bury becomes buried. Some verbs are irregular, such as be, have, do, read, swim, write, and eat. If you are unfamiliar with how a particular irregular verb is formed, it is important to consult a dictionary.

5. Review Present and Past Participles Participles are formed like verbs, but behave as adverbs because they modifies a noun. The present participle is formed by adding –ing to a singular verb. The past participle is formed by adding either have or has to the past tense verb. Present TensePresent Participle Past TensePast Participle walksIs walkingwalkedHas/have walked playsIs playingplayedHas/have played lurchesIs lurchinglurchedHas/have lurched hikesIs hikinghikedHas/have hiked

6. Lesson 15 The Perfect Tenses There are three perfect tenses in grammar- present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. The perfect tenses show an action which has been completed. To form the perfect tenses, we add a form of the helping verb have to the past participle.

7. Present Perfect The present perfect tense describes an action that occurred in the past and is complete or continuing in the present. We add the present forms of the verb have to the past participle. Present perfect tense= has or have + past participle The President has selected the members of his cabinet. The Electors have voted for the appropriate presidential candidate.

8. Past Perfect The past perfect tense describes past action completed before another past action. We use the helping verb had before the past participle. Past perfect tense= had +past participle The President had received his salary of $200,000 in 1999. He had agreed to freeze his salary for his entire term.

9. Future Perfect The future perfect tense describes future action to be completed before another future action. We add the future form of the helping verb have to the past participle. Future perfect tense= will have or shall have+ past participle By the end of this book, we shall have discussed the entire Constitution. Before Monday, he will have chosen his replacement.

10. Examples/Practice For a-b, write the verb phrase, and tell whether it is present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect. a.Had the speaker of the House accepted the Congressperson’s contemptuous comments? had accepted- past tense b. Before the vote, all the lobbyists will have spoken to me. will have spoken- future tense

11. Review Set 15 Page 90 Questions 6-30