2. Ecosystems:How do They Work? Unit 5

3. 5-1 Earth’s Life-Support Systems 1.The atmosphere 2.The hydrosphere 3.The geosphere 4.The biosphere

4. The Biosphere Contains the living systems on Earth

5. 3 Factors Sustain Life on Earth 1.One-way flow of high-quality to low-quality energy: -Sun→ organisms→ environment (mostly heat)→ space 2. Cycling of nutrients through the biosphere -cycles can take seconds to centuries; governed by matter conservation laws 3.Gravity

7. Ecosystems Have Living and Nonliving Components Abiotic: Water Air Nutrients Rocks Heat Solar energy Biotic: Living, once living

8. Energy and the Ecosystem Life begins with the sun’s energy Trophic levels: biotic energy pathways which include: -primary producers -consumers -decomposers

9. Energy and the Ecosystem Photosynthesis: process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. End result: carbohydrate (sugar molecules). Gives energy to do daily activities.

10. Primary Producers

11. FYI Chemosynthesis Deep-ocean communities of worms, clams, crabs, mussels, and barnacles, exist in total darkness on the ocean floor, where photosynthesis cannot occur. Producers are bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide. Other underwater organisms eat the bacteria or the organisms that eat the bacteria.

12. Consumers AKA heterotrophs Gain energy by breaking down organic molecules to release energy -aerobic (cell) respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂ Food is oxidized (burned) for repair, growth, maintenance Wastes products: cellulose, CO₂, H₂O, other compounds

13. Primary Consumers Herbivores Adapted for plant eating only ex. Giraffes, caterpillars, zooplankton

14. Secondary Consumers Carnivores adapted to feed on herbivores ex: spiders, lions, most small fish

15. Tertiary Consumers Carnivores adapted to feed on other carnivores ex. tigers, hawks, orcas

16. Omnivores Adapted to feed on both plants and animals ex. pigs, bears, humans

17. Detritivores/Decomposers Detritivores/decomposers feed on wastes or remains of organisms -break down organic compounds -return nutrients to ecosystem ex. earthworms, vultures, bacteria, fungi

19. Energy Flow in the Ecosystem Most ecosystems use sunlight as their energy source Food chain: movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next -determines how energy, nutrients move from organism to organism Food web: network of interconnected food chains

22. Loss of Energy Energy degrades with each use so less is available to next organism 10% Rule: 90% of energy is “lost” from one trophic level to another

25. 5-2 Biochemical Cycling 2 nd basic principle of ecosystem sustainability: ecosystem dispose of waste and replenish nutrients by recycling: -hydrologic cycle -carbon cycle -nitrogen cycle -phosphorus cycle -sulfur cycle

26. FYI: The Science of Water Properties of water due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules: Exists as a liquid over a large range of temperature Changes temperature slowly High boiling point: 100˚C Adhesion and cohesion Expands as it freezes Solvent Filters out harmful UV

28. Hydrologic Cycle Movement of water between surface and atmosphere Three major processes renew water: Evaporation Precipitation Transpiration: movement of water through leaves -90% of water that evaporates into atmosphere

29. Hydrologic Cycle

30. Human Impact on Hydrologic Cycle Withdrawal of large amounts of freshwater at rates faster than nature can replace it Clearing vegetation increases runoff, erosion Draining wetlands increases flooding

31. The Carbon Cycle Movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into organisms and back Carbon is essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, which make up all organisms

32. The Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis: producers convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates. Consumers obtain carbohydrates from the producers they eat.

33. The Carbon Cycle Cellular respiration: carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Carbon is stored in limestone, one of the largest “carbon sinks” on Earth.

34. The Carbon Cycle Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago: Coal Oil (petroleum) Natural gas

35. The Carbon Cycle

36. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Increased levels of carbon dioxide may contribute to global warming. Global warming: increase in the temperature of the Earth. Humans Impact on the Carbon Cycle

37. Norton the Nucleus Explains the Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle Explained

38. The Nitrogen Cycle Movement of nitrogen among air, soil, water, plants, and animals. Makes up 78 percent of gases in the atmosphere All organisms need nitrogen to build proteins- building blocks of cells.

39. The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen must be “fixed” by special bacteria before organisms can use it. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and are found only in roots of legumes (soy, peanut plants, clover). -convert nitrogen to ammonia -excess nitrogen is released into soil

40. The Nitrogen Cycle

41. Decomposers return nitrogen to the soil Soil bacteria convert small amount of the nitrogen into nitrogen gas Nitrogen gas returns to the atmosphere, completing the cycle. Decomposers and the Nitrogen Cycle

42. Human Impacts on Nitrogen Cycle Over-fertilizing crops creates nitrogen runoff in waterways, reducing O₂ and depleting aquatic life. Burning fossil fuels releases NO, a component of acid rain.

43. Acid Rain Explained via YouTube! Acid Rain Explained

44. The Phosphorus Cycle Movement of phosphorus between environment and organisms-does not involve atmosphere. Phosphorus make up cells and ATP (energy molecule) Plants get the phosphorus from soil and water Animals get phosphorus by consuming plants or herbivores.

45. The Phosphorus Cycle Erosion of rock creates small amounts of phosphate, which moves into the soil. Plants absorb phosphates in soil through roots. Some phosphorus runs off into ocean and accumulates as sediment.

46. The Phosphorus Cycle

47. Human Impacts on Phosphorus Cycle Over-fertilizing crops creates phosphate runoff in waterways, causing rapid algal bloom. -too much algae reduces O₂, depleting aquatic life.