1. Chapter 16 School Effectiveness and Reform in the United States

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 2 Elements of Effective Teaching Efficient Classroom Management High Time-on-Task Effective Questioning Use of Direct Instruction and Explicit Teaching Explicit Comprehension Instruction and Strategic Teaching Cognitive Instruction for Low-Achieving Students

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 3 Characteristics of Effective Schools Safe and Orderly Environment Clear School Mission Instructional Leadership Climate of High Expectations High Time-on-Task Frequent Monitoring of Student Progress Positive Home-School Relations Curriculum Alignment

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 4 Implementing Reform Be adaptive: identify and solve problems with reform efforts as they occur. Focus at the level of individual schools. Choose programs that the school is able to implement. Strive for agreement and involvement on the effort from leaders and teachers.

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 5 Implementing Reform (cont.) Train teachers and staff to use new methods effectively. Ensure that reform efforts are coherent in the context of the rest of the school or curriculum. Support professional community among teachers and staff.

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 6 Promising Approaches to Improving Learning Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) program Success for All Degrees of Reading Power (DRP) Comer School Development Program Equity 2000 and Algebra Projects Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) Advancement Via Individual Determination Program (AVID)

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 7 Concerns About Educational Technology Reforms Using computers for low-level cognitive tasks. Little research evidence of student improvement Reduced student attention span, creativity, connection with reality High potential for students to waste time Insufficient training and support for teachers Budgeting for computers, upgrades and training, compared to other school priorities Gender and economic equity

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16 | 8 School Choice Options Magnet Schools Alternative Schools Charter Schools Open Enrollment Tax Credits for Private School Tuition Publicly Funded Vouchers for Private School Tuition