1. Global Circulation and World Climates Weather vs. Climate Weather vs. Climate Climate Controls Climate Controls Idealized Global Circulation Model Idealized Global Circulation Model Seasonal Variations Seasonal Variations Global Climates Global Climates For Next Class: Read Chapter 2 (pp. 61-65)

2. Questions What is the difference between weather and climate? What is the difference between weather and climate? What are the major influences (or controls) on climate? What are the major influences (or controls) on climate?

3. Weather vs. Climate

4. Climate Controls Solar Energy Solar Energy Latitude Latitude Land and water contrasts Land and water contrasts Maritime effect (proximity to major water bodies)Maritime effect (proximity to major water bodies) ContinentalityContinentality Global wind and pressure systems Global wind and pressure systems Idealized Global Circulation ModelIdealized Global Circulation Model Elevation* Elevation*

5. General circulation of the atmosphere and ocean is driven by latitudinal heating imbalances (i.e. surplus in tropics and deficit in polar regions)

6. Idealized Global Circulation Model

7. ITCZ – Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ – Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone STHP – Sub-Tropical High Pressure STHP – Sub-Tropical High Pressure Coriolis Effect – Caused by rotation of the EarthCoriolis Effect – Caused by rotation of the Earth Rightward deflection in Northern HemisphereRightward deflection in Northern Hemisphere Leftward deflection in Southern HemisphereLeftward deflection in Southern Hemisphere SPLP – Sub-Polar Low Pressure SPLP – Sub-Polar Low Pressure PHP – Polar High Pressure PHP – Polar High Pressure

8. Idealized Global Circulation Model Land and water contrasts Land and water contrasts Maritime effect (proximity to major water bodies)Maritime effect (proximity to major water bodies) ContinentalityContinentality Elevation Elevation Latitude (solar energy) Latitude (solar energy) Global wind and pressure systems (Idealized Global Circulation Model) Global wind and pressure systems (Idealized Global Circulation Model)

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Global Pressure Systems and Wind Patterns Figure 2.12

11. General Circulation Figure 5-14

12. Rossby Waves and Sub-Polar Low Pressure Exact latitudinal position of the SPLP is highly variable and depends on the upper-level Polar Front Jet Stream. Exact latitudinal position of the SPLP is highly variable and depends on the upper-level Polar Front Jet Stream.

13. Blizzard of 1993 Developed in association with an extremely amplified Rossby Wave. Note the strong cold front in Honduras! Developed in association with an extremely amplified Rossby Wave. Note the strong cold front in Honduras!

14. Seasonal Variations in Latitude Figure 5-36

15. Modified Köppen System Figure 8-4

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Global Climate Regions Figure 2.13 Climograph

17. Climographs Figure 8-6