1. WELCOME BACK

2. CJ 411 Unit 2 seminar Effects of Depressants and Stimulants
What role do endorphins play in drug abuse and addiction? What are the various types of depressants and what are their effects on the human body? Should caffeine and alcohol, currently legal stimulants, be deemed illegal? Why, or why not? What are other types of stimulants and what are their effects on the human body? Be prepared to discuss these issues based on what you have learned from the course material and any personal experiences or observations.

3. ENDORPHINS
Endorphin Any of a group of peptide substances secreted by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland that inhibit the perception of painful stimuli. Endorphins act as neurotransmitters in the pain pathways of the brain and spinal cord. Narcotic drugs may stimulate the secretion of endorphins.
American Psychological Association (APA):
endorphins. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Retrieved April 23, 2012, from Dictionary.com website:

4. ENDORPHINS
Endorphins enable the organism (including many animals) to deal with psychological stress by curbing an autonomic overreaction and producing calm:
They slow breathing, reduce blood pressure, and lower the level of motor activity
A “deficiency in an endorphin system that ordinarily would support feelings of pleasure and reinforcement might lead to feelings of inadequacy and sadness” (Levinthal 1988: 149), a phenomenon that would make the use of depressants essentially a form of self- medication.
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5. Depressants
Depressants are a category of drugs that includes alcohol, barbiturates, sedatives/tranquilizers, and the narcotics. Depressants are typically addicting, and studies have indicated a relationship between certain chemical deficiencies and the propensity for addiction to depressants.

6. Depressants
Depressants such as heroin inhibit stress hormones (such as cortisol and adrenalin) and stress-related neurotransmitters. A person who is having difficulties dealing with stress and is exposed to opiates is likely to find them rewarding and thus become addicted.

7. Depressants
Depressants such as heroin inhibit stress hormones (such as cortisol and adrenalin) and stress-related neurotransmitters.
A person who is having difficulties dealing with stress and is exposed to opiates is likely to find them rewarding and thus become addicted.

8. Tolerance to drugs
What is this referring too?????

9. Tolerance
Requires an increase over the previous amount just to get to the same state or high.

10. HEROIN: USES AND EFFECTS
Classification: Narcotic
CSA Schedule: Schedule I
Trade or Other Names: Diacetylmorphine, horse, smack
Medical Uses: None in United States, analgesic, antitussive
Physical Dependence: High
Psychological Dependence: High
Tolerance: Yes

11. HEROIN: USES AND EFFECTS
Duration (hours): 3–6
Usual Method: Injected, sniffed, smoked
Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea
Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death
Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, panic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweating

12. MORPHINE: USES AND EFFECTS
Classification: Narcotic
CSA Schedule: Schedule II
Trade or Other Names: Duramorph, MS-Contin, Roxanol, Oramorph SR
Medical Uses: Analgesic
Physical Dependence: High for nonmedical use, low for medical patients in pain
Psychological Dependence: High
Tolerance: Yes

13. MORPHINE: USES AND EFFECTS
Duration (hours): 3–6
Usual Method: Oral, smoked, injected
Possible Effects: Euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea
Effects of Overdose: Slow and shallow breathing, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, possible death
Withdrawal Syndrome: Watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, loss of appetite, irritability, tremors, panic, cramps, nausea, chills, and sweating

14. Withdrawl
1. Several hours after last use: anxiety, restlessness, irritability, drug craving
2. Eight to fifteen hours since last use: yawning, perspiration
3. Sixteen to twenty-four hours since last use: sneezing, sniffles, anorexia (severe appetite loss), vomiting, abdominal cramps, bone pains, tremors, weakness, insomnia, goose flesh, convulsions (very rarely), cardiovascular collapse

15. !!!!Stimulants!!!!
Substances in this category stimulate the central nervous system (CNS).

16. Cocaine COCAINE: USES AND EFFECTS Classification: Stimulant
CSA Schedule: Schedule II
Trade or Other Names: Coke, flake, snow, crack
Medical Uses: Local anesthetic
Physical Dependence: Possible
Psychological Dependence: High
Tolerance: Yes

17. Cocaine Duration (hours): 1–2 Usual Method: Sniffed, smoked, injected
Possible Effects: Increased alertness, excitation, euphoria, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, insomnia, loss of appetite
Effects of Overdose: Agitation, increased body temperature, hallucinations, convulsions, possible death
Withdrawal Syndrome: Apathy, long periods of sleep, irritability, depression, disorientation

18. Neurological Effects
“Smoked, snorted, or injected, cocaine rapidly enters the bloodstream and penetrates the brain. The drug achieves its main immediate psychological effect— the high—by causing a buildup of the neuro-chemical dopamine”

19. Crack Use

20. Crack Cocaine
Because crack is inhaled directly into the lungs, bypassing much of the circulatory system en route to the brain, it takes about five seconds to take effect— even faster than intravenous ingestion.

21. Legality
Should Caffeine, Nicotine and Alcohol, which are currently legal, be deemed illegal? Why or why not?

22. GOOD NIGHT !!