1. Introduction to Environmental Engineering Dr. Kagan ERYURUK

2. Why Treat Water? Human health and the welfare of the general population are improved if public water supplies are treated prior to use. Human health and the welfare of the general population are improved if public water supplies are treated prior to use. Nearly all structures require a water supply. Nearly all structures require a water supply. Appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality are necessary for effective use. Appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality are necessary for effective use. Water Supply and Treatment

3. Uses of Water Bathing Bathing Toilets Toilets Cleaning Cleaning Food preparation Food preparation Cooling Cooling Fire protection Fire protection Industrial purposes Industrial purposes Drinking water = Potable water Drinking water = Potable water ©iStockphoto.com

4. Water Supply System

5. 5 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND WATER AVAILABILITY Precipitation; applied to all forms of moisture originating in the atmosphere and falling to the ground (e.g., rain, sleet, and snow). Evaporation and transpiration are the two ways water reenters the atmosphere. Evaporation is loss from free water surfaces while transpiration is loss by plants. Water on the surface of earth that is exposed to the atmosphere is called surface water. Surface waters include rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Through the process of percolation, some surface water (especially during a precipitation event) seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.

6. 6 The hydrologic cycle in diagram form.

7. 7 Groundwater Supplies (Aquifers) Primary source of drinking water Porous consolidated rock or unconsolidated soil Groundwater fills spaces Wells and pumps used to remove water Porosity; The fraction of voids volume to total volume of the soil is termed porosity. This image was reproduced from groundwater.org with the permission of The Groundwater Foundation. © 2010 The Groundwater Foundation. All Rights Reserved Sources of Water

8. Surface Water Lakes, reservoirs, riversLakes, reservoirs, rivers Rivers dammed to create reservoirsRivers dammed to create reservoirs Reservoirs store water during heavy rain/snowReservoirs store water during heavy rain/snow Courtesy NASA http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/surface_hydrology/water_ma nagement.html Courtesy USDA http://www.ks.nrcs.usda.gov/news/highlights/2006_april.html Lake Tuscaloosa Dam ©iStockphoto.com Sources of Water

9. Water Treatment Amount of treatment depends on quality of the source Amount of treatment depends on quality of the source Ground water requires less treatment than surface water Ground water requires less treatment than surface water The city of Salem water treatment facility withdraws water from the North Santiam River. Courtesty USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3069/

10. 10 A typical water treatment plant.

11. 11 1. Softening Some waters need hardness removed to use them as a potable water source. Hardness is caused by multivalent cations (or minerals)—such as calcium, magnesium, and iron—that dissolve from soil and rocks (particularly limestone). Not cause health problems but reduces the effectiveness of soaps and cause scale formation. Total Hardness (TH) can be calculated as below. Water Treatment Processes

12. 12 Typical units for hardness are mg/L as CaCO 3 and meq/L. To convert a concentration in mg/L to meq/L, divide the concentration by the substance’s equivalent weight (EW): A substance’s equivalent weight is calculated by dividing its atomic weight (AW) or molecular weight (MW) by its valence or ionic charge (n, which is always positive):

13. 13 To convert to the standard unit mg/L as CaCO 3, the meq/L concentration is multiplied by the equivalent weight of CaCO 3, which is 50.0 mg/meq (100 g/mol/ 2 eq/mol): Ex: The concentration of calcium in a water sample is 100 mg/L. What is the concentration in (a) meq/L and (b) mg/L as CaCO 3 ? EW = AW/n = (40.1 g/mol) / (2 eq/mol) = 20.0 g/eq = 20.0 mg/meq Cq = C/EW = (100 mg/L) / (20.0 mg/meq) = 5.0 meq/L C CaCO3 = C q × 50 = (5.0 meq/L) / (50 mg/meq) = 250 mg/L as CaCO 3

14. 14 2. Coagulation and Flocculation Tiny (colloidal) clay and silt particles, which have a natural electrostatic charge that keeps them continually in motion and prevents them from colliding and sticking together, cause turbidity. Coagulants, such as alum (aluminum sulfate), and coagulant aids, such as lime and polymers, are added to the water, first to neutralize the charge on the particles and then to aid in making the tiny particles “sticky” so they can coalesce and form large, quick-settling particles.

15. 15 3. Settling After flocs have been formed, flocs must be separated from the water. This is invariably done in gravity settling tanks that simply allow the heavier-than-water particles to settle to the bottom. Settling tanks work because the density of the solids exceeds that of the liquid. The movement of a solid particle through a fluid under the pull of gravity is governed by a number of variables, including; particle size (volume) particle shape particle density fluid density fluid viscosity.

16. 16 4. Filtration Rapid sand filters; The operation of a rapid sand filter involves two phases: filtration and washing. Water from the settling basins enters the filter and seeps through the sand and gravel bed, through a false floor, and out into a clear well that stores the finished water. The suspended solids that escape the flocculation and settling steps are caught on the filter. The rapid sand filter becomes clogged in time ad backwashing is performed to clean the filter.

17. 17 5. Disinfection Disinfected to destroy whatever pathogenic organisms might remain. Commonly, disinfection is accomplished by using chlorine. The presence of a residual of active chlorine in the water is an indication that no further organics remain to be oxidized and that the water can be assumed to be free of disease causing organisms.

18. Water Storage Pumped to Storage Tank StorageStorage Water pressureWater pressure o psi o 1 psi = 0.70 m of water NOAA http://www.csc.noaa.gov/alternatives/infrastructure.html Distribution of Water

19. Water Distribution System Consists of water lines, fittings, valves, service lines, meters, and fire hydrants Consists of water lines, fittings, valves, service lines, meters, and fire hydrants Loop system more desirable than branch system Loop system more desirable than branch system – Isolation valves – Water flows in more than one direction LOOP SYSTEM BRANCH SYSTEM

20. Water Distribution System Typical new system pipe Typical new system pipe – Thermoplastic or ductile iron – Reinforced concrete in larger mains Older system pipe Older system pipe – Cast-iron or asbestos cement Typical distribution pressure of Typical distribution pressure of 65 – 75 psi Designed for less than Designed for less than 150 psi wikimedia

21. Consumer Residential, commercial, and industrial facilities Residential, commercial, and industrial facilities Residential Residential – Min. distribution pressure = – Min. distribution pressure = 40 psi – Max. distribution pressure = – Max. distribution pressure = 80 psi Pressure-reducing valve Pressure-reducing valve Commercial or industrial facilities Commercial or industrial facilities – May require higher pressure – Pumps can increase pressure ©iStockphoto.com

22. Definition Head Relates energy in an incompressible fluid (like water) to the height of an equivalent column of that fluid

23. Definition Static Head Potential energy of the waterPotential energy of the water at rest Measured in feet of waterMeasured in feet of water Change in elevation between source and dischargeChange in elevation between source and discharge Ex: What is the at a residential supply line if the water level in the elevated tank is 287 m and the elevation at the supply line is 271 m?Ex: What is the static head at a residential supply line if the water level in the elevated tank is 287 m and the elevation at the supply line is 271 m? 287 m – 271 m = 16 m of water EPA at http://www.epa.gov/region02/superfund/npl/mohonkr oad/images.html

24. Definition Static Pressure Pressure of water at restPressure of water at rest Measured in pounds per square inch (psi)Measured in pounds per square inch (psi) 0.70 m of water = 1 psi0.70 m of water = 1 psi Ex: What is the static pressure at distribution if the static head is 16 m of water?Ex: What is the static pressure at distribution if the static head is 16 m of water? Is this the pressure at which water would exit a faucet in the house?Is this the pressure at which water would exit a faucet in the house?

25. Water Pressure Calculations How far above the supply line must the water level in a water tower be in order to provide a minimum 40 psi? How far above the supply line must the water level in a water tower be in order to provide a minimum 40 psi? Except water loses pressure as it travels through pipe. Except water loses pressure as it travels through pipe. NOAA http://www.csc.noaa.gov/alternatives/in frastructure.html

26. Definitions Head Loss Energy loss due to friction as water moves through the distribution systemEnergy loss due to friction as water moves through the distribution system − Pipes − Fittings Elbows, tees, reducers, etc.Elbows, tees, reducers, etc. − Equipment (pumps, etc.) Major losses = head loss associated with friction per length of pipeMajor losses = head loss associated with friction per length of pipe Minor losses = head loss associated with bends, fittings, valves, etc.Minor losses = head loss associated with bends, fittings, valves, etc.

27. Calculating Head Loss Darcy Equation The head loss in a pipeline with Newtonian fluids can be determined using the Darcy equation; Where: h f = head loss due to friction (m); L = the length of the pipe (m); D = the hydraulic diameter of the pipe (m); V = the average flow velocity (m/s); g = the local acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2 ); f d = a dimensionless parameter called the Darcy friction factor

28. Definition Dynamic Head Head of a moving fluidHead of a moving fluid Measured in feet of waterMeasured in feet of water Courtesy Constructionphotographs.com Dynamic Head = Static Head – Head Loss

29. Definition Dynamic / Actual Pressure Measured in psiMeasured in psi Dynamic Pressure = Actual Pressure Actual Pressure = Dynamic Head x (1 psi/0.70 m)

30. Water Pressure Calculations Example The water level in the water tower supplying the home is 450 m. The elevation of the supply line at the residence is 380 m. Find the static head, the static pressure, the dynamic head, and the actual pressure of the water as it enters the residence. Take the head loss as 0.90 m.

31. Example Static Head = Static Head = 450 m – 380 m = 70 m Static Pressure = 70 m x (1 psi/0.70 m) = 100 psi Head Loss (major and minor) = 0.90 m Dynamic Head = Static Head – Head Loss = 70 m – 0.90 m= 69.1 m = 70 m – 0.90 m= 69.1 m Dynamic Pressure = 69.1 m x (1 psi/0.70 m) = 98.7 psi Dynamic Pressure = 69.1 m x (1 psi/0.70 m) = 98.7 psi