1. Cellular Automata Martijn van den Heuvel Models of Computation June 21st, 2011

2. Overview History Formal description Elementary CA Example of a CA Turing completeness Lindenmayer Systems Conclusion

3. History 1940s  Von Neumann - self-replicating machines 1970s  Conway – Game of Life 1980s  Wolfram – Investigating properties 2000s  Cook – Proves Turing completeness

4. Use Visualizing processes Simple components  complex behavior  Fluid dynamics  Biological pattern formation  Traffic models  Artifical life

5. Formal description Cellular space  Lattice/grid of N identical cells  Cell i at time t has a state s i t  Cell i at time t has a neighborhood n i t Transition rules  r(n i t ) updates cell i to next state s i t+1  Size of rule set: |R|=|s| |n| 2 3 =8 Simultaneous updating 0000000 0001000 0000000 Rule000  1

6. Elementary CA Simplest form of CA  One-dimensional  Binary states {0,1}  2 neighbors (n=3) 2 3 =8 possible configurations 2 8 =256 different elementary CAs out0,1 s111110101100011010001000

7. Example nitnit 111110101100011010001000 s i t+1 01011010 Example Java Applet

8. Turing completeness Matthew Cook Rule 110 Emulation of Post Tag System  Gliders/Spaceships interacting  Structures representing: Infinite data string Infinitely repeating set of production rules Output nitnit 111110101100011010001000 s i t+1 01101110

9. Turing completeness

10. Lindenmayer systems Extensions States: { a,b,c,d,k } Rules: a  cbc b  dad c  k d  a k  k acbckdadkkacbcakkcbckdadkcbck F  F[-F]F[+F][F]

11. L-systems vs CA Intuitively very similar Example:  Context sensitive L-system  z L-system  z  L-system with binary alphabet  d  d Same as CA table: Same as CA table: readrewrite 1110 1101 1011 1000 0111 0101 0011 0000 nitnit 111110101100011010001000 s i t+1 01101110

12. L-systems vs CA Butler  Simulate D(m,n)L-system on a 1-dim CA  Uses registers (m per cell) containing: Direction  or  ‘unprocessed’ states

13. Butler CA: L-system to be simulated: Axiom: 1 Rules: 0  00 1  101 1 101 10100101 10100101000010100101

14. Butler Using registers as neighborhood Extending CA beyond original properties? Very simple L-system L-system is an extended CA

15. Conclusion CA and L-systems are very alike Both:  Loop until no rule is applicable  States for data storage  Transition rules for modification  Use simultaneous rule application  Have the same computing power Complex to interpret Differences:  L-system usually has non-binary states  L-system rewrites multiple states in one step CA updates only cell i ‘Inserting cells’ L-system == extended (elementary) CA

16. Reading Wolfram's publications Simulation of TM on a CA  Universality in Elementary Cellular Automata Matthew Cook; Complex Systems 15 (2004) p.1-40