1. CSI 769 Fall 2009 Jie Zhang Solar and Heliospheric Physics

2. Magnetism (corona) MHD (Magnetohydrodynamics) Physics Fluid Physics + Maxwell Equations (EM) Magnetic Reconnection Particle Acceleration and Transportation Not “Plasma Physics” Not “Introduction to Space Weather” Not “Magnetospheric and Ionospheric Physics” What Physics?

3. We are located in Milky Way Galaxy 28,000 light years from the center One of 200 billion stars in our Galaxy The Cosmological Context

4. The Sun: an Ordinary Star An ordinary main sequence star 5 billion years old 5 billion years more to go

5. Local Interstellar space Solar wind creates a big teardrop- shaped heliosphere around the solar system, by interacting with the interstellar wind

6. Local Interplanetary Space The Earth 3 rd planet from the Sun 1 AU = 150 million km Travel time: By light -- 8 minutes By Solar Wind- - ~ 100 hrs

7. The Sun is the source of energy for life on Earth The Sun (and surrounding heliosphere) is the best lab for studying our universe The Sun is the driving source of Space Weather, that has adverse effects on technological system and life on Earth What Impacts

8. "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the solar system” ----National Academy of Science, 1997 Space Weather

9. Space Weather: the Process It starts from an eruption from the Sun. Prediction depends on how it propagates

10. Space Weather: effects Aurora; Geomagnetic Storm From Space

11. Space Weather: effects An adverse effect Damaged transformer Power failure due to March 1989 storm

12. Space Weather: effects On Human Space Exploration On crew and passengers of polar-route airplanes

13. Space Weather: effects On Satellite Operation

14. Space Weather: effects On Communication and Navigation

15. Space Weather: the Systems

16. Planet Components of Sun-Earth The Source of the Energy? Magnetic energy through magnetic field generated by solar dynamo, which has 11-year solar cycle Solar Cycle (SOHO/MDI)

17. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Storage of Energy? Energy stored and released in magnetic field PFSS Model TRACE

18. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Release of Energy: Flares GOES/SXI RHESSI & TRACE

19. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Release of Energy and the driver? Coronal mass ejections SOHO/LASCO/C2

20. CME in Interplanetary Space STEREO/ SECCHI/HI-1

21. CME Simulation (Credit: Odstrcil) On Satellite Operation

22. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Heliosphere: solar wind Spiral solar wind magnetic field: radial motion of solar wind combined with Sun’s rotation Sprinkler Analogy

23. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere A comet- shaped region around the Earth

24. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Magnetosphere: Simulation

25. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere Electric Currents in Magneto- sphere

26. Planet Components of Sun-Earth MagnetosphereMagnetosphere Energetic particles in Van Allen radiation belt

27. Planet Components of Sun-Earth IonosphereIonosphere Density fluctuation affects radio wave reflection and transmission

28. Planet Components of Sun-Earth Neutral Upper Atmosphere It is coupled with ionosphere

29. Now, the golden age! HINODE

30. Now, the golden age! STEREO

31. Now, the golden age! SDO

32. Now, the golden age! The stunning new observations More importantly, the mind-opening observations, which provide the instinct insight for scientific understanding Advancing in theory Advancing in computer modeling and computational data processing Most importantly, your knowledge of physics principles - what this class cares most!

33. The Syllabus

34. Content 1.Introduction/Overview: Solar Physics and Space Weather 2.MHD Equations including Maxwell Equations 3.Solar Magnetism 1: Potential Field, Force Free Field 4.Solar Magnetism 2: Helicity, Separators 5.Magnetic Reconnection 1: Current Sheet 6.Magnetic Reconnection 2: Magnetic Annihilation 7.Magnetic Reconnection 3: Steady Reconnection 8.Magnetic Reconnection 4: Unsteady Reconnection 9.Solar Applications: Models of CMEs and Flares 10.Solar Applications: Models (student presentation) 11.Heliosphere and Solar Wind 12.Shock Formation and Particle Acceleration 13.ICMEs and Magnetic Clouds

35. Text Book Required: 1.Magnetic Reconnection - MHD Theory and Applications – By Eric Priest and Terry Forbes Supplement: 1.Physics of the Solar Corona By Markus Aschwanden 2.An Introduction to Plasmas and Particles in the Heliosphere and Magnetosphere –By May-Britt Kallenrode 3. Online Resources

36. Assignments Homework –~ weekly homework Project –Proj 1: PFSS model calculation –Proj 2: pick one from the following two options Observing CME/flare Initiation (SDO) Observing CME Propagation (STEREO)

37. Grading Homework (25%) Projects (30%) One mid-term (20%) One final (25%)

38. Contact Instructors: Prof. Jie ZhangProf. Jie Zhang Contact Info: jzhang7@gmu.edu (e-mail)jzhang7@gmu.edu 1-703-993-1998 (phone) Office Hour: 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM, Thursday or by appointment Office: Room 351, Research Bldg 1

39. The End