1. Visible Spectrum

2. Visible Spectrum
380 nm
780 nm

3. BLACKBODY RADIATION

4. Human Spectral Sensitivity

5. Rod and Cone density

6. Cone Details
Current understanding is that the 6 to 7 million cones can be divided into "red" cones (64%), "green" cones (32%), and "blue" cones (2%) based on measured response curves. They provide the eye's color sensitivity. The green and red cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis . The "blue" cones have the highest sensitivity and are mostly found outside the fovea, leading to some distinctions in the eye's blue perception.
The cones are less sensitive to light than the rods, as shown a typical day-night comparison. The daylight vision (cone vision) adapts much more rapidly to changing light levels, adjusting to a change like coming indoors out of sunlight in a few seconds. Like all neurons, the cones fire to produce an electrical impulse on the nerve fiber and then must reset to fire again. The light adaption is thought to occur by adjusting this reset time.
The cones are responsible for all high resolution vision. The eye moves continually to keep the light from the object of interest falling on the fovea centralis where the bulk of the cones reside.

7. The CIE standard observer color-matching functions
Tristimulus values
Other observers, such as for the CIERGB space or other RGB color spaces, are defined by other sets of three color-matching functions, and lead to tristimulus values in those other spaces

8. The CIE xy chromaticity diagram
The CIE XYZ color space was deliberately designed so that the Y parameter was a measure of the brightness or luminance of a color. The chromaticity of a color was then specified by the two derived parameters x and y, two of the three normalized values which are functions of all three tristimulus values X, Y, and Z:

9. CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM

10. RGB Space

11. RGB Space

12. Hue Intensity Color Circle

13. Additive and Subtractive

14. Color Space – YCbCr YCbCr
Used for: digital video encoding, digital camera
Y: luminacance
Cb: blue chroma
Cr: red chroma

15. Color Space – YCbCr Conversion from RGB: The Matrix form:
Y=0.299(R-G) + G (B-G)
Cb=0.564(B-Y)
Cr=0.713(R-Y)
The Matrix form:

16. RGB to YIQ & CMY Conversion

17. Color Space – YUV
YUV
Used for: video encoding for some standard such as NTSC, PAL, SECAM
Axes:
Y: luma
U: blue chroma
V: red chroma

18. Color Space – CMYK Used for printers (subtractive color mixing)
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
K: black
C = 1 - R
M= 1 - G
Y = 1 - B
K = min (C, M, Y)

19. Color Space – YUV Conversion from RGB: The Matrix form:
Y=0.299R+0.587G+0.114B
U=0.436(B-Y)/( )
V=0.615(R-Y)/( )
The Matrix form:

20. Screen
pixel (0,0)
pixel (n,0) x y

21. Frame Buffer
pixel (0,0)
pixel (1,0)
pixel (n,m)

22. Bit Planes
4 -bits/pixel

23. Color Look-up Table R G B
Screen
Frame
Buffer
Color Tables

24. Direct Color Visual R G B
Screen
Frame
Buffers
Color Tables

25. Image formats TIFF PCX GIF Platforms: Mac/DOS/Unix
Owner: Aldus/Microsoft
Notes: TIFF (Tag ImageFile Format) is an international standard for storing and interchanging bitmaps between applications and hardware platforms. It is almost always supported by major applications that provide bitmap manipulation. The format consists of items called tags which are defined by the standard. Each tag is followed by a tag dependent data structure. Supports most color spaces and compression methods.
PCX
Platforms: DOS
Owner: ZSoft Corp
Notes: The oldest and most commonly supported format on DOS machines. Can support indexed or full 24 bit color. Run length encoding only.
GIF
Owner: CompuServe
Notes: GIF is a rather underfeatured but quite popular format. It is used the most on bulletin boards and on the worldwide internet. It is limited to 8 bit indexed color and uses LZW compression. Can include multiple images and text overlays.

26. Image formats PICT Format: GEM Format: IFF/ILBM Platforms: Mac
Owner: Apple
Notes: PICT is a Macintosh only format, indeed it is virtually impossible for it to exist on any machine but the Macintosh. The interpretation of a PICT is handled by the Macintosh operating system and thus is supported by almost all Macintosh applications. This format is responsible for the successful transfer of image data on the Macintosh and is used in cut/copy/paste operations. Supports most color spaces and compression methods including JPEG.
Format: GEM
Platforms: DOS/Atari
Owner: Digital Research
Notes: Supported by GEM operating system.
Format: IFF/ILBM
Platforms: Amiga
Owner: Electronic Arts
Notes: Supports four bit color map and 24 bit direct color..

27. Image formats Format: TARGA Format: BMP/DIB Format: Sun raster
Platforms: Mac/DOS
Owner: TrueVision Inc
Notes: Originally designed for VISTA data capture boards. Little more than a RAW format with some extra header information.
Format: BMP/DIB
Platforms: DOS/Windows
Owner: Microsoft
Notes: Microsoft Windows format, rarely supported elsewhere. Supports 1,2,4,8, and 32 bit color images
Format: Sun raster
Platforms: Sun
Owner: Sum MicroSystems
Notes: Only supported by Sun. Use RLE and either 8 bit grayscale or 24/32 bit color.

28. Image formats Format: XBM Format: XWD Platforms: X systems
Owner: MIT X Corp
Notes: Specifically for X windows system bitmap routines, used for cursors and icons.
Format: XWD
Notes: Screen save format under X windows. Implements black and white through to 24 bit direct color.