1. Food Resources Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

2. Human food systems: 1.Croplands 2.Rangelands 3.Oceanic fisheries Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

3. To feed the increasing world population we must: Produce and equitably distribute more food than ever before. Do this in a environmentally sustainable way. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems. Solar Capital Air resources and purification Climate control Recycling vital chemicals Renewable energy resources Nonrenewable energy resources Nonrenewable mineral resources Potentially renewable matter resources Biodiversity and gene pool Natural pest and disease control Waste removal and detoxification Soil formation and renewal Water resources and purification Natural Capital

4. Limitations: environmental degradation pollution lack of water for irrigation overgrazing overfishing loss of ecological services Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

5. FOUR Types of Agriculture Systems: Industrialized agriculture in developed countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Uses large amounts of fossil fuels energy, water, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides to produce huge quantities of single crops or livestock animals for sale. 25% of croplands in developed countries. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

6. Uses large amounts of human input and draft labor, water, and fertilizer, to produce enough food to feed their families and sell for income. In North America 2.4% of labor force is used in agriculture vs 45-65% in developing countries. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems. Intensive traditional agriculture in developing countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy

7. Growing cash crops on large monoculture plantations, mostly for sale. A large amount of livestock production is industrialized. Mostly pigs and chicken are raised in densely populated pens and cages and are fed mostly grain from croplands. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems. Shifting cultivation in tropical forests in developing countries Land Labor Capital

8. Uses mostly human labor and draft animals to produce only enough crops or livestock for a farm family’s survival. Practiced by 2.7 billion people (44% of the world’s population). Provide 20% of the world’s food supply. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems. Nomadic herding in developing countries Land Labor Capital

9. Rangelands About 40% of the earth’s ice-free land. This land provides forage or vegetation for grazing and browsing animals. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

10. Fisheries The world’s third major food-producing system. 55% of the annual commercial catch comes from the ocean. Harvesting methods: ]Trawler fishing ]Purse-seine ]Longlineing ]Drift-net Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

11. Spotter airplane Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Purse-seine fishing sonar trawl flap trawl lines trawl bag Long line fishing lines with hooks Drift-net fishing Fish caught by gills floatbuoy fish school Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nk19PMo1sLI

12. Comparing Food Production Terrestrial Food is harvested from low trophic levels. More efficient fixing of solar energy by photosynthesis. Aquatic Food is harvested from higher trophic levels mostly because of human taste. Energy conversions are more efficient along the food chain. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

13. Major Environmental Effects of Food Production Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

14. Biodiversity Loss Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Soil Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

15. Air Pollution Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Water Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

16. Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

17. Increasing Crop Production Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

18. Genetic engineering Projected Advantages Projected Disadvantages Need less fertilizer Need less water More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought Faster growth Can grow in slightly salty soils Less spoilage Better flavor Less use of con- ventional pesticides Tolerate higher levels of herbicide use Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and eco- logical effects Harmful toxins in food from possible plant cell mutations New allergens in food Lower nutrition Increased evolution of pesticide- resistant insects and plant diseases Creation of herbicide- resistant weeds Harm beneficial insects Lower genetic diversity

19. Try new foods Increase cultivation of less widely known plants to supplement or replace staple foods. Insects – microlivestock – could be an important potential source of protein. Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.

20. Irrigate & Cultivate More Land In use Not usable Arid land 6% Tropical forest 8% Cultivated 10% Grazed 11% Forests, arid lands 14% 51% Ice, snow, deserts mountains Topic 3 The Soil System and Food Production Students will be able to: -to discuss the links that exist between social systems and food production systems.