1. Cell Chemistry and Biotechnology
Strand 4

2. Plant Cells Cell wall* Cell membrane Cytoplasm Large central vacuole*
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleuous
Mitochondria
Chloroplast*
Ribosomes
Smooth & Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Peroxisomes
Plasmodesmata
* organelles only found in plant cells

3. Differences? Similarities?
Only in PLANT cells:
Plants have cell walls.
Plants have chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Plants have a large, central vacuole.
Only in ANIMAL cells:
Animal cells have centrioles.
Animal cells have small vacuoles.
Similarities?
The following organelles are found in BOTH cells:
Vacuoles
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion

4. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
DNA contains the instructions for manufacturing proteins
Instructions contain information to make all cellular proteins
DNA is too important and therefore must stay in the nucleus (this is why we have RNA!)
RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information copied from DNA
In the form of a series of three- base code “words,” each of which specifies a particular amino acid
Codons are translated into proteins at the Ribosome

5. Enzymes are necessary for life!
Role of Enzymes
What are enzymes?
Special proteins that speed up the chemical reactions of a cell to biologically useful rates
They lower the activation energy required for these reactions
Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the necessary steps, nor would it be fast enough to serve the needs of the cell.
Enzymes are necessary for life!

6. Virus Bacteria Can only reproduce using a ‘host’ or living cells
Takes over host cell
Does not have nuclei
Don’t have cell membrane
Each viral particle, or virion, consists of genetic material, DNA or RNA, within a protective protein coat called a capsid
Bacteria
Have cell walls
Considered ‘living’
Wide-range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods to spirals
One cell living organism
Reproduce independently
Prokaryotes
No nucleus

7. Transmission of Diseases
Direct Transmission: Direct exchange of bodily fluids leading to disease
Ex: Touching an open wound
Indirect Transmission: Spread from person to person through a carrier
Breathing in a sneeze (air)
Drinking contaminated water (water)
Bitten by infected mosquito (animal)
Contaminated water is the leading cause of transmission in areas of poor sanitation and untreated sewage
Vaccination
Giving the body a weaker form of the pathogen allowing the person to build immunity to the disease
When encountering the actual disease they will get sick for a shorter period of time or not at all

8. Micro-organisms IN MY FOOD?!
Bacteria
Produce lactic acid during fermentation
Helps preserve foods
Makes sour cream, buttermilk, cheese and yogurt (dairy)
Yeast
Produces alcohol and air bubbles during fermentation
Helps bread rise
Creates the alcoholic content in some alcoholic beverages

9. Biotechnology Utilizing biological processes for technology
Genetic Engineering
Changing an organism's DNA to produce different proteins
Transformation
Process where a cell takes in and expresses foreign material
Transduction
When bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) are used to inject foreign DNA into a bacteria
Viruses are designed to have the DNA we want to put in the bacteria
Conjugation
Process where genetic material is passed between bacteria through cell-to-cell contact

10. Risks: Benefits: Biotechnology Health risks Food production
New allergens and toxins
Exposure to toxic metals
Other unknown effects
Creation of resistant organisms
Antibiotic resistant bacteria (super-bugs)
Herbicide resistant weeds (super-weeds)
Pesticide resistant pests (super-pests)
Ecosystem effects
Breeding/cross-pollination between transgenic and non-modified organism can create a new unexpected species
Introduction of an invasive species disrupting an ecosystem
Benefits:
Food production
More nutritious and plentiful
Lower land use
Using less pesticides and herbicides by making food that is less susceptible to pests
Longer shelf life
Stress resistant food
Able to make more food for a cheaper price to help feed countries that are struggling
Ecosystem effects
Help rehabilitate damaged or less-fertile land
Reduction of environmental impact of food production and processing
Biofuel production
Renewable form of energy
Biotechnology