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Lecture 1 Introduction to Computer Organization & Architecture Lecture Duration: 2 Hours
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 2 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 3 Course description (1/3) Course name T103 - Computer Organization and Architecture Course level Level 1 course Equivalent to 3 CH (Credit Hours) Assessment Continuous Assessment (CA) : 50% -1 TMA (Tutor Marked Assignment) : 20% -1 MTA (Mid-Term Assessment): 30% Final Exam: 50%
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 4 Course description (2/3) Success Requirements Attend at least 5/7 lectures ( ≈ 70% attendance) Get at least 20/50 on the CA (TMA + MTA) Get at least 20/50 on the Final Exam Get at least a total of 50/100 (TMA + MTA + Final) Course Lectures Number of lectures: 7 lectures Bi-Weekly lectures: One lecture every 2 weeks Lecture duration : 2 Hours
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 5 Course description (3/3) Reference Book The essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, 2nd edition – Author: Linda Null and Julia Lobur Topics to be covered History of computers, computers models, Binary arithmetic, Boolean algebra, Digital logic, Memory, …
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 6 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 7 Overview of computer organization and architecture (1/5) Chapter 1: Introduction Some programs/algorithms are today computationally infeasible, why? Tomorrow, those could become feasible, why? To understand why, we need to: see the program from the computer’s point of view explore the “computer organization and architecture”
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 8 Overview of computer organization and architecture (2/5) Chapter 1: Introduction What is computer organization and architecture? In a computer system, hardware and many software components are fundamentally related Computer organization and architecture help us to understand how hardware and software interact with each other
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 9 Overview of computer organization and architecture (3/5) Chapter 1: Introduction Computer organization? It encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. -How components are connected together? -How components interact with/talk to each other? It addresses issues such as -Control signals, signaling methods -Memory types, … It helps us to answer the question: How does a computer work?
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 10 Overview of computer organization and architecture (4/5) Chapter 1: Introduction Computer architecture? It focuses on the structure and behavior of the computer system It refers to the logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the programmer. It includes many elements such as -instruction sets and formats, data types, addressing modes, number and type of registers, … It helps us to answer the question: How do I design a computer?
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 11 Overview of computer organization and architecture (5/5) Chapter 1: Introduction Computer organization VS architecture? The distinction between computer organization and computer architecture is not clear-cut. These are strongly interrelated and interdependent. We can truly understand each of them only when we comprehend both of them.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 12 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 13 The main components of a computer (1/3) Chapter 1: Introduction From Software to Hardware Computer scientists design algorithms Computer scientists implement an algorithm by using high level programing language (Java, C, etc.) Another algorithm runs this algorithm and another one runs that algorithm and so on We finally get down to machine level Machine level can be thought of as an algorithm implemented as an electronic device
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 14 The main components of a computer (2/3) Chapter 1: Introduction Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software We implement an application in Hardware or Software level? Our knowledge of computer organization and architecture will help us to make the best choice
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 15 The main components of a computer (3/3) Chapter 1: Introduction Computer Hardware main components A processor to interpret and execute programs A memory to store both data and programs A mechanism for transferring data to and from the outside world (Input/Output) Think of how a student sitting in class exhibits the three components of a computer?
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 16 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 17 An example system: wading through the jargon (1/10) Chapter 1: Introduction The stated system is a wise buy? Does it serve your needs?
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 18 An example system: wading through the jargon (2/10) Chapter 1: Introduction “64MB SDRAM”, “64-bit PCI sound card”, “32KB L1cache”, …? Without having a handle on such terminology, you would be hard-pressed to answer such questions… The next few slides explain the content of the advertisement (ad)
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 19 An example system: wading through the jargon (3/10) Chapter 1: Introduction A reminder (TU170): Computers do computations in base 2 (binary system) A binary character is called a bit (0 or 1) A byte is a set of 8 bits “Bits, bytes, KB, MB, …” are used to measure the storage capacity of a device (RAM, HDD, Flash memory, etc.) We use the below table to convert from one unit to another Example: 1KB = 2 10 = 1024 Bytes = 1024 x 8 bits = 8192 bits
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 20 An example system: wading through the jargon (4/10) Chapter 1: Introduction A reminder (TU170): The speed of a device is usually measured in Hz (Hertz), KHz, MHz, … - Example: Processor speeds are measured in MHz or GHz. The table in figure 1.2 (Slide 19) help us to convert from one unit to another - Example: 1MHz = 10 6 Hz =1,000,000 Hz
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 21 An example system: wading through the jargon (5/10) Chapter 1: Introduction Back to the advertisement (Slide 17) Pentium III 667 MHz? Pentium III : The microprocessor type 667 MHz: microprocessor’s clock speed -Each microprocessor has a synchronization clock (it sends electrical pulses) -Here, the clock speed is 667 million electrical pulse per second -The number of instructions per second that a processor can execute is proportionate to its clock speed (not equal to).
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 22 An example system: wading through the jargon (6/10) Chapter 1: Introduction 133 MHz 64MB SDRAM? SDRAM: Main memory type, “Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory” 133 MHz: Speed of the system bus (between the memory and the microprocessor) 64 MB : Memory Capacity (64 x 2 20 x 8 bits = 536870912 bits)
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 23 An example system: wading through the jargon (7/10) Chapter 1: Introduction 32KB L1 cache, 256KB L2 cache? Two cache memory to speed up the data transfer between the main memory and the processor 32KB and 256KB are the capacity of level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) memory respectively 30GB EIDE hard drive (7200 RPM)? 30GB: The capacity of the hard drive 7200 RPM: Speed of disk rotation is 7200 round per minute EIDE: disk interface (connectivity with the rest of the computer’s components). EIDE stands for Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 24 An example system: wading through the jargon (8/10) Chapter 1: Introduction 48X max variable CD-ROM? CD-ROM drive 48X: the maximum reading data rate the CD drive can achieve (48 times the traditional audio CD data transfer rate) 2 USB ports, 1 serial port, 1 parallel port? Ports that allow movement of data to and from devices external to the computer. 19" monitor,.24mm AG, 1280 x 1024 at 85Hz? The monitor size (19”), resolution (1280 x 1024), refresh rate (85Hz) and pixel size (0.24mm).
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 25 An example system: wading through the jargon (9/10) Chapter 1: Introduction Intel 3D AGP graphics card? Graphic interface for 3D graphics AGP stands for “Accelerated Graphics Port” 56K PCI voice modem? 64-bit PCI sound card? PCI : Dedicated I/O buses, PCI stands for “Peripherial Component Interconnect PCI voice modem: for internet connection PCI sound card : for the system’s stereo speakers
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 26 An example system: wading through the jargon (10/10) Chapter 1: Introduction A look inside a computer
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 27 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 28 Standards organizations (1/3) Chapter 1: Introduction Standards organizations? Number of government and industry organizations Some standards-setting organizations are consortia made up of industry leaders Aims -Establish common guide lines for a particular type of equipment -Why? To ensure a “worldwide” 1 interoperability (compatibility) 1 The term “worldwide” is correct only when the organization and its standards are international
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 29 Standards organizations (2/3) Chapter 1: Introduction Some international standards organizations IEEE -Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers -sets standards for various computer components, signaling protocols, and data representation ITU -International Telecommunications Union -Sets standards for telecommunications systems, including telephone, telegraph, and data communication systems ISO -International Standards Organization -coordinates worldwide standards development
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 30 Standards organizations (3/3) Chapter 1: Introduction Other county(ies)-wide organizations ANSI: American National Standards Institute CEN: Comité Européenne de Normalisation (European committee for standardization) BSI: British Standards Institution
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 31 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 32 Historical development of computers (1/6) Chapter 1: Introduction To fully appreciate the computers of today, it is helpful to understand how things got the way they are. The evolution of computing machinery has taken place over several centuries. In modern times computer evolution is usually classified into four generations according to the salient technology of the era.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 33 Historical development of computers (2/6) Chapter 1: Introduction First Generation: Vacuum tube computers (1945–1953) Use of electrical/electronic technology (much faster than mechanical technology) Invent binary machines built from vacuum tubes Invent vaccum tubes diodes and triodes Disadvantages: Bulky systems, Power consumption and heat dissipation. Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642 – 1945) Use of mechanical technology to do calculations Suggest the use of binary number system rather than the decimal number system
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 34 Historical development of computers (3/6) Chapter 1: Introduction The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–1965) Transistors revolutionize computers -Transistors consume less power than vacuum tubes, are smaller, and work more reliably, -the circuitry in computers became smaller and more reliable. The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers (1965–1980) Integrating multiple transistors in a single silicon/germanium chip Explosion in computer use Computers became faster, smaller, and cheaper, bringing huge gains in processing power
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 35 Historical development of computers (4/6) Chapter 1: Introduction The Fourth Generation: VLSI Computers (>1980) More integration, more transistors on a single silicon chip (see the table below) Computers became smaller: Appearance of micro-computers Increasing the processing power of all computers types (also supercomputers and main frame computers) Scale IntegrationNumber of components per chip SSI: Small Scale Integration10 – 100 MSI: Medium Scale Integration100 – 1000 LSI: Large Scale Integration1000 - 10000 VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration> 10000
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 36 Historical development of computers (5/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Size comparison Vacuum Tube Transistor Integrated circuit chip Integrated circuit package
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 37 Historical development of computers (6/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Moore’s Law (Gordon Moore – Intel Founder, 1965) The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year The law hold for almost today (2012)! Rock’s Law (early Intel capitalist Arthur Rock) The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years If Moore’s Law is to hold, Rock’s Law must fall or computers must shift to a radically different technology Research into new computing paradigms has been proceeding in earnest during the last half decade
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 38 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 39 The computer level hierarchy (1/6) Chapter 1: Introduction The user executes programs on a PC (Paint, word files, games, etc.) The user is outside the computer! He uses input and output devices to communicate with the computer. Now, what happens INSIDE the computer? To understand, we will use a “divide and conquer” approach.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 40 The computer level hierarchy (2/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Imagine the machine (computer) as a hierarchy of levels, in which each level has a specific function. The highest level – Level 6 – is the “user’s level” Level 6 is composed of applications User runs programs such as word processors, graphics packages, or games. The lower levels are unseen by the user those can be considered as “virtual machines”. Let us discover these “virtual machines”.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 41 The computer level hierarchy (3/6) Chapter 1: Introduction
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 42 The computer level hierarchy (4/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Level 5: High-Level Language Level Consists of languages such as C, C++, FORTRAN, Lisp, Pascal, and Prolog. Programmers write programs at this level. Compilers translates these languages to a language the machine can understand (that lower levels could understand): Assembly then machine languages. Level 4: Assembly Language Level More “machine dependent” language. Assembly language is then one to one translated to machine language (one assembly language instruction is translated to exactly one machine language instruction).
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 43 The computer level hierarchy (5/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Level 3: System Software Level Deals with operating system instructions (multiprogramming, protecting memory, synchronizing processes, and various other important functions) Instructions translated from assembly language to machine language are passed through this level unmodified Level 2: Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), or Machine Level Machine language recognized by the particular architecture of the computer system Programs written in machine language can be executed directly by the electronic circuits without any interpreters, translators, or compilers.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 44 The computer level hierarchy (6/6) Chapter 1: Introduction Level 1: The Control Level Is where a control unit do its job -Receives machine instructions from the level above -decodes and executes those instructions properly -Moves data to where and when it should be The control unit interprets the machine instructions Level 0: The Digital Logic Level is where we find the physical components of the computer system: the gates and wires
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 45 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 46 The Von Neumann model (1/7) Chapter 1: Introduction A computer architecture model published by a famous Hungarian mathematician named John von Neumann The idea is to store programs’ instructions inside a main memory in order to avoid rewiring the system each time it had a new problem to solve, or an old one to debug. All stored-program computers have come to be known as von Neumann systems using the von Neumann architecture
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 47 The Von Neumann model (2/7) Chapter 1: Introduction The Von Neumann architecture is shown in Figure 1.4 – Slide 48 It satisfies at least the following characteristics Consists of three hardware systems (see figure 1.4 – slide 48) -A central processing unit (CPU) with a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers (small storage areas), and a program counter; -a main-memory system, which holds programs that control the computer’s operation; -and an I/O system. Capacity to carry out sequential instruction processing Contains a single path, between the main memory system and the control unit of the CPU
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 48 The Von Neumann model (3/7) Chapter 1: Introduction
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 49 The Von Neumann model (4/7) Chapter 1: Introduction Program instructions are stored inside the main memory The machine runs the programs sequentially (instruction per instruction – machine instruction) Each machine instruction is fetched, decoded and executed during one cycle known as the von Neumann execution cycle (also called the fetch-decode-execute cycle)
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 50 The Von Neumann model (5/7) Chapter 1: Introduction One iteration of the cycle is as follows: 1. The control unit fetches the next program instruction from the memory, using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located. 2. The instruction is decoded into a language the ALU can understand. 3. Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed into registers within the CPU. 4. The ALU executes the instruction and places the results in registers or memory.
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 51 The Von Neumann model (6/7) Chapter 1: Introduction Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 … … … Instruction N Instruction 3 1.Fetch PC indicates the iteration number CU fill the instruction register 2. Decode what ALU should do (add, multiply, …)? Fill registers with needed data Data 1Data 2
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 52 The Von Neumann model (7/7) Chapter 1: Introduction Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 … … … Instruction N Instruction 3 3. Execute Execute the instruction Place the results in registers or memory Data 1Data 2 Result
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Prepared by Dr. Hassan SALTI - 2012 53 Conclusion (1/1) Conclusion This chapter has given you an overview of the subject of computer architecture. You should now be sufficiently familiar with general system structure to guide your studies throughout the remainder of this course. Subsequent chapters will explore many of these topics in great detail.
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End of lecture 1 Try to solve all exercises related to lecture 1
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