1. Global History and Geography Regents Review Unit 3 Section 4

2. Big Ideas In Europe at the End of the Middle Ages: The Commercial revolution brought new ways of doing business The Renaissance introduced new ways of thinking and a flowering of culture Religious reformers challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church Monarchs increased their power and formed nation-states Limits were placed on the power of monarchs in England

3. Key People and Terms  Guild  Apprentice  Capitalism  Commercial Revolution  Renaissance  Humanism  Michelangelo  Leonardo da Vinci  Martin Luther  95 Theses  Protestant Reformation  John Calvin  Ignatius Loyola  Common Law  Magna Carta  Parliament

4. The Commercial Revolution As feudalism declined, Capitalism developed. Capitalism is based on trade and capital (money). This became known as the Commercial Revolution or Business Revolution. Guilds: A trade association in which merchants and craftspeople who worked in the same craft joined together. They made sure the quality of goods was high Provided social services for members Regulated hours of work and price of goods Trained apprentices

5. New Business Practices Developed of the Middle Class: Those who were merchants, traders, and artisans Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies Banking Insurance Social Changes- use of money led to decline of the serfs

6. The Renaissance and Humanism The period from 1300 - 1500 was a time of great creativity and change in Europe. This period is known as the Renaissance which means "rebirth". This was the golden age of Europe. Europeans developed a new way of thinking called "Humanism. Humanists focused on life in the present. They also focused on achievements of the individual.

7. Artists of the Italian Renaissance Leonardo da VinciMichelangelo o Painter, sculptor, inventor, architect, musician, engineer o Painted the Mona Lisa o Sketches and plans for flying machines and submarines o Sculptor, engineer, poet, painter, architect o Statue of David o Painted the Dome of Saint Peter's Church in Rome RaphaelSofonisba Anguissola o Painter o Student of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci o Paintings of the Madonna, and Mother of Jesus o Female Artist o The Artist's Sisters Playing Card (painting) o Painter for King Philip II of Spain

8. Literary Achievements Humanist writers wrote in language that most people could understand: Dante: Wrote about Heaven and Hell Cervantes: Made fun of Knighthood and Chivalry Shakespeare: Wrote stories about people Machiavelli: Wrote the "Prince" in which he advised rulers on how to gain and maintain power

9. The Printing Press By 1300, papermaking and printing came to Europe from China. The invention of moveable type Johann Gutenberg's printing press led to mass printing of the Bible into the German language in 1456. Books became more available Literacy increased Ideas spread rapidly

10. Protestant Reformation (1500s) The Renaissance: Humanism led people to question Catholic Authority. The people placed increasing faith in Human reason. Strong Monarchs: Strong national monarchs were emerging. Sometimes they increased their own power by supporting reformers fighting church authority. Problems in the Church: Some believed church officials were acting more like Kings, fighting for power and wealth, rather than representing God. Others were upset at the selling of Indulgences which were pardons for sins.

11. Who was Martin Luther Germanic Monk Martin Luther was disgusted over the sale of indulgences. In 1517 Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses or 95 complaints against the church on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This event sparked the Protestant Reformation. Protestant Reformation Protest & Reform

12. Leaders of the Protestant Reformation Martin LutherJohn Calvin  Did not believe in the sale of indulgences  Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God  Did not believe priests had special powers  Had ideas that spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia  Had followers that later called themselves Protestants  Believed Christians reached heaven only through faith in God  Believed people are born sinners  Preached predestination  Had ideas that spread to Germany, France, Holland, England, and Scotland  Led a Community in Switzerland

13. Martin Luther 1483 - 1546 found the Lutheran Religion, aka Lutheranism

14. Door of the Schlosskirche (Castle Church) to which Luther nailed his 95 Theses, sparking the Reformation

15. Who was John Calvin? Lived 1509 - 1564 A Priest and Lawyer from France. He believed that salvation was gained through faith alone. He believed that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. He taught that God was all powerful and that people were naturally sinful. God alone would decide whether or not a person would be granted eternal life. He preached about Predestination or that God has already decided who would gain salvation, even before you became a “natural sinner”.

16. Long Term Causes Roman Catholic Church became more worldly Humanists urged return to simple religion Strong Kings emerged and resented power of church Long Term Effects Loss of religious unity in Western Europe Religious war broke out in Europe for more than 100 years Catholic Reformation took place Inquisition and Jews forced to leave. Short Term Causes Indulgences were sold in Germanic states Martin Luther wrote 95 Theses Luther translated the Bible in German language Printing press spread ideas Reformers called for change Short Term Effects Peasants revolted Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other protestant religions founded Holy Roman Emperor weakened

17. Rise of Nation-States: Kings Increase Power Kings in England: Decided who could build castles and where Forced vassals to obey them Established common law so that all people were treated the same Collected records of who owned land Added to their lands Set up organized government Collected Taxes Created a royal treasury Set up royal courts and royal law

18. Rise of Nation-States: Kings Increase Power Kings in France: Made throne heredity Became allies with the church Organized army Took French lands from English Kings Added to their lands Set up organized government Collected Taxes Created a royal treasury Set up royal courts and royal law

19. Britain's William the Conqueror King William exerted firm control: An English Legal System: Based on Common Law which is law that is the same for all people Magna Carta: Placed limits on a King's authority Parliament: The governing body in England English Church: Anglican Church which is a protestant church. Became the official church of England in 1558 and remains so to this day.

20. King of England William the Conqueror