1. Earth Systems Review and a portion of Chapter 9
Chapter 8 and a little of 9
2015

2. The solar system began as a nebula. How old is Earth?

3. The solar system began as a nebula. How old is Earth?
4.6 billion years

4. How does the Theory of Plate Tectonics explain volcanoes and earthquakes?

5. How does the Theory of Plate Tectonics explain volcanoes and earthquakes? The earth’s crust is broken into plates. These plates are moved by convection currents. Melting plates create earthquakes, plates that move after being temporarily stuck cause earthquakes.

6. What makes the plates move?

7. What makes the plates move? Convection currents

8. Plates move about 2 centimeters a year
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How many years would it take for a divergent boundary to widen by 1 km?

9. Plates move about 2 centimeters a year
Plates move about 2 centimeters a year. There are 100 cm in a meter and 1000 m in a km. How many years would it take for a divergent boundary to widen by 1 km?
1 km x m x 100 cm x 1 year = 50,000 years
1 km m cm or
100 cm/meter * 1000m/km = 100,000 cm / km.
100,000 cm divided by 2 cm per year = 50,000 years for the plates to diverge 1 km.

10. What does plate tectonics do to the biodiversity of the earth?

11. What does plate tectonics do to the biodiversity of the earth?
As plates move, animals must adapt to the new climates, form new species or go extinct.

12. Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water?

13. Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size?

14. Which type of sediment has the least permeability to water? clay
Which type of sediment has the largest size? Sand

15. Which type of sediment has a high cation exchange capacity?

16. Which type of sediment has a high cation exchange capacity? Clay

17. Identify the soil horizons below.1 2 3 4

18. Identify the soil horizons below.

19. How long does it take to make soil?

20. How long does it take to make soil?
Hundreds to thousands of years.

21. What causes erosion?

22. What causes erosion? Wind, water, plowing, worms, gophers vehicular/foot traffic, mining, roads, build homes, storms, etc..

23. The rate of erosion is related to the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would erode the fastest: Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 50 cm2. Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 500 cm2.

24. The rate of erosion is related to the surface area of the rock.
Which of the following metamorphic rocks would erode the fastest:
Rock A with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 50 cm2.
Rock B with a mass of 400 grams and a surface area of 500 cm2 is fastest because the more area that is exposed, the more the wind, rain, roots and snow can weather away.

25. Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer
Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer? The blue layer is water.

26. Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer
Look at the jar below. Which layer would most likely be the silt layer? The blue layer is water

27. Identify the type of coal mining in the picture below:

28. Identify the type of coal mining in the picture below: surface/strip mining

29. Identify the type of mining shown below:

30. Identify the type of mining shown below: surface/placer deposits

31. Identify the type of coal mining shown in the picture below:

32. Identify the type of coal mining shown in the picture below: subsurface mining

33. Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to miners
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts

34. Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to miners
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Machinery collisions
Asphyxiation
bad air
Explosion
Black Lung
Cave Ins

35. Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts

36. Contrast subsurface and surface mining in terms of impacts to habitat
Surface Mining Impacts
Subsurface Mining Impacts
Acid mine drainage from tailings pile
Acid mine drainage from mine and tailings
Air, water, soil degradation
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation (less than surface mine)
soil compaction (roads)
Soil compaction (roads)

37. Compare & Contrast the Mining Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of 1977

38. Compare & Contrast the Mining Law of 1872 and the Mining Law of 1977
Tried to encourage people to move west. Said anyone could mine on public lands. Few restrictions.
Stated disturbance to land caused by mining had to be minimal and fully reclaimed after the mining was complete.

39. Which crust is the densest?

40. Which crust is the densest?
Oceanic crust

41. Identify the type of rock that makes up the continental crust.

42. Identify the type of rock that makes up the continental crust.
granite

43. Divergent Boundaries 2 continental crusts diverge = what forms?
2 oceanic crusts diverge = what forms?

44. Divergent Boundaries 2 continental crusts diverge = rift valley
2 oceanic crusts diverge = mid ocean ridge

45. Convergent Boundary 2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc
Oceanic crust
oceanic crust

46. Convergent Boundary 2 oceanic crusts converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic island arc, trench
trench
Oceanic crust
oceanic crust

47. Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains
Subduction zone

48. Convergent Boundary
An oceanic crust and a continental crust converge =
Subduction zone, volcanic mountains, trench
Subduction zone

49. What type of boundary can form
Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South America or the Cascades in Oregon?

50. What type of boundary can form
Volcanic mountains like the Andes in South America or the Cascades in Oregon? CONVERGENT

51. What zone is identified by the X?

52. What zone is identified by the X?

53. What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?

54. Convergent boundary between 2 continental plates
What type of boundary could create
tall mountains like the Himalayas on land?

55. What type of plate boundary is shown along the San Andreas Fault?

56. What type of plate boundary is shown along the San Andreas Fault
What type of plate boundary is shown along the San Andreas Fault? transform

57. What type of plate boundary is shown?

58. What type of plate boundary is shown? Transform Boundary

59. 2. Rank rocks A, B, & C from youngest to oldest
M.O.R. C A B

60. 2. C, B, A (rocks close to MOR are young)

61. 6. What type of boundary occurs at the M.O.R?

62. 6. Divergent
M.O.R. A B C

63. A divergent boundary on land will form a ________

64. A divergent boundary on land will form a RIFT VALLEY

65. When two continental plates converge a __________ forms.

66. When two continental plates converge a MOUNTAIN forms.

67. What type of boundary at 1?

68. What type of boundary at 1? divergent

69. What type of boundary at 2?

70. What type of boundary at 2? convergent

71. What type of boundary at 3?

72. What type of boundary at 3? convergent

73. What type of plate boundary produces subduction zones and island arc volcanoes?

74. What type of plate boundary produces subduction zones and island arc volcanoes? Convergent

75. What type of plate boundary produces rift valleys on continental crust?

76. What type of plate boundary produces rift valleys on continental crust
What type of plate boundary produces rift valleys on continental crust? divergent

77. Name the 3 layers of the Earth.

78. Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Core, Mantle, Crust The densest materials are located in the ________________

79. Name the 3 layers of the Earth.
Core, Mantle, Crust The densest materials are located in the core.

80. How many seismometers do seimologists need to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

81. How many seismometers do seimologists need to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? 3

82. What is a lichen and how does it relate to soil?

83. What is a lichen and how does it relate to soil
What is a lichen and how does it relate to soil? Lichens are pioneer species and create weak acids that chemically weather rocks into soil.

84. Look at the picture below and determine which hot spot islands are the oldest.4 3 2 1 5 6

85. Look at the picture below and determine which hot spot islands are the oldest. 1 is youngest and 6 is oldest. 4 3 2 1 5 6

86. 8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed. If they get cemented together over millions of years, what type of rocks will form?

87. 8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed
8. These rocks are on the floor of a dry riverbed. If they get cemented together over millions of years, what type of rocks will form? SEDIMENTARY

88. 9. If these shells and gravel were cemented together by sandy mud that hardened, what type of rock would form?

89. SEDIMENTARY
9. If these shells and gravel were cemented together by sandy mud that hardened, what type of rock would form?

90. 10. Over time, this swamp will dry up
10. Over time, this swamp will dry up. What type of rocks will form on the bottom of this swamp?

91. 10. Over time, this swamp will dry up
10. Over time, this swamp will dry up. What type of rocks will form on the bottom of this swamp? SEDIMENTARY

92. 11. What type of rock is shown?

93. 11. What type of rock is shown? SEDIMENTARY

94. 12. The tufa towers in the middle of the lake are mostly calcium carbonate that came from Mono Lake. What type of rock has been formed?

95. 12. The tufa towers in the middle of the lake are mostly calcium carbonate that came from Mono Lake. What type of rock has been formed? SEDIMENTARY

96. When the calcium carbonate tufa towers in the middle of the Mono Lake erode, what gas is released and what does that gas do to the earth’s environment?

97. When the calcium carbonate tufa towers in the middle of the Mono Lake erode, what gas is released and what does that gas do to the earth’s environment? Carbon dioxide is released which traps heat in the troposphere and makes the earth warmer.

98. 14. The rocks of this mountain where squished when two continental plates converged. What type of rocks were formed?

99. 14. The rocks of this mountain where squished when two continental plates converged. What type of rocks were formed? METAMORPHIC

100. 15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type of rock is it?

101. 15. This fish fossil is in a rock that hardened from silt at the bottom of the ocean. What type of rock is it? SEDIMENTARY

102. WHAT POWERS THE ROCK CYCLE?
SHOWS HOW ROCKS ARE FORMED.

103. WHAT POWERS THE ROCK CYCLE? Sun and earth’s internal heat

104. How does an igneous rock become sedimentary?.

105. How does an igneous rock become sedimentary?.
Through Erosion

106. What type of rock will form at point A?

107. What type of rock will form at point A? Intrusive igneous rock

108. Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would likely form into ___________________ rocks as the plates collided.
magma
trench
subduction

109. Sedimentary rocks in the area of the trench would likely form into metamorphic rocks as the plates collided.
magma
trench
subduction

110. Tokopah Falls is turning these igneous rocks into ________.

111. Tokopah Falls is turning these igneous rocks into Sedimentary Rocks

112. An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A later in earthquake centered in Pakistan registered an 8 on the Richter Scale. How many times stronger is the Pakistan earthquake compared to the Ring of Fire Earthquake?

113. An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale
An earthquake on the Ring of Fire registered 4 on the Richter Scale. A later in earthquake centered in Pakistan registered an 8 on the Richter Scale. How many times stronger is the Pakistan earthquake compared to the Ring of Fire Earthquake?
Each level on the Richter Scale is 10 times greater than the last. 8 is 4 places bigger than 4 on the scale, so the Pakistan earthquake is 10*10*10*10 = 10,000 times greater than the Ring of Fire earthquake.

114. Fresh water makes up ___% of the Earth’s water.

115. Fresh water makes up 3 % of the Earth’s water.

116. How do dams impact the migration of salmon?

117. How do dams impact the migration of salmon
How do dams impact the migration of salmon? Prevent migration and increase water temperature which decreases the amount of dissolved O2.
How can you mitigate these impacts?

118. How can you mitigate these impacts
How can you mitigate these impacts? Install fish ladders, change the flow rate.

119. What is an aquifer?

120. What is an aquifer? An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted

121. Name the two types of aquifers.

122. Name the two types of aquifers.

123. Name the two types of aquifers. Confined & Unconfined

124. Which type of aquifer takes the longest to recharge and is least likely to become contaminated by toxic surface spills?

125. Which type of aquifer takes the longest to recharge and is least likely to become contaminated by toxic surface spills? confined

126. What is the main difference between the two types of aquifers?

127. What is the main difference between the two types of aquifers
What is the main difference between the two types of aquifers? Confined aquifers are surrounded by an impermeable layer of rock or clay which does not let the water get into the porous material.

128. What is the main problem with the Ogallala aquifer?

129. What is the main problem with the Ogallala aquifer
What is the main problem with the Ogallala aquifer? Pumping rates exceed infiltration rates.

130. Define “water table”

131. Define “water table” level of fresh water below the surface.

132. Which well, A or B, is most susceptible to salt water intrusion?

133. Which well, A or B, is most susceptible to salt water intrusion
Which well, A or B, is most susceptible to salt water intrusion? B, it is closer to the ocean A B

134. Which well, A or B, has a cone of depression?

135. Which well, A or B, has a cone of depression. Both
Which well, A or B, has a cone of depression? Both. Cone of depression exists when the water table moves further from the surface. A B

137. Which of the rivers listed below are not considered to be in the top ten largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana, Congo, Colorado, Amazon, Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris, Mammoth Creek,

138. Which of the rivers listed below are not considered to be in the top ten largest rivers?
Nile, Mississippi, Santa Ana, Congo, Colorado, Amazon, Yangze, Euphrates, Tigris, Mammoth Creek,

139. Identify the colors of the following structures: levee, dam, flood plain, and which letter is upstream of the dam?
River Flow B A

140. Identify the colors of the following structures: levee, dam flood plain, and which letter is upstream of the dam? B is upstream from the dam
River Flow B A

141. What is an aqueduct?

142. What is an aqueduct? A system of canals or pipes used to transport fresh water from a location that has lots of water to one that has less water.

143. What is an estuary and how can aqueducts impact an estuarine environment?

144. What is an estuary and how can aqueducts impact an estuarine environment? Estuaries are formed where salt water meets fresh water. Aqueducts remove fresh water from a river and thus make the estuary more saline which reduces the species richness of the estuary.