1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2. Solid Waste
Solid waste includes domestic wastes, commercial wastes and industrial waste collected by a municipality within a area. It is responsible for land pollution in urban and industrial area

3. Important Sources/Classification
Domestic Waste: Paper plastic. leather
Industrial Waste: Paper and pulp industries, oil refineries, chemical industries, metal smelters
Commercial Waste: Paper fibres, plastic,packaging material
Mining Waste:
Radioactive Waste: Nuclear explosions, nuclear testing, use of radioactiven substances in medical and scientific research
Agriculture Waste: Farms,livestock yards,bagasse from sugarcane
Hospital Waste: Needles,syringe,blade,bandage,tissues
Electronic Waste (E-waste):

4. Effects of Solid Waste
Solid waste leads to increase in disease causing organisms such as mosquitoes, flies etc to thrive freely and increase in population
It runs off with rain water and mixes with the nearby water bodies causing water pollution
Burning of solid waste leads to air pollution
Radioactive substance present in solid waste causes a number of diseases in human being
Solid waste reduces asthetic value of land
Non biodegradable solid waste such as polythene,plastic release toxic gases when burnt hence carry air pollution.

5. Treatment of Solid Waste in 3 steps
Collection of Solid Waste
Large number of dustbins should be provided in streets and along roads which must be cleared at least once or twice a day and to enable proper collection of solid wastes as per their categories. Door to door collection of domestic garbage is a popular practise.
Transportation of Solid Waste
From urban areas to dumping grounds, tractors, trucks are used. Overloading of wastes should be avoided to prevent spilling.
Disposal of Solid Waste: 6methods of disposal are:

6. Disposal of Solid Waste
Open Dumping: Refuse is disposed in open dumps without being covered or protected. This leads to growth of flies an soil and land pollution.
Landfill:Waste is covered by a thick layer of soil.It reduces risk of human disease but still contaminates ground water makes the area unfit for agriculture
Ocean Dumping: Industrial effluents containing poisonous chemicals are dumped in coastal and estuarine area. It adversely effects the marine ecosystems
Incineration:Combustible waste is burnt at higher temperature such that all combustible substance is reduced to ash. Fly ash is used in construction industry or buried as landfills; it is also used for soil amendment as in increases water retention and aeration of soil. By this volume of waste is reduced by 75% to 95%. The heat-emitted during incineration is used to generate electricity.
Composting:Biochemical degradation of organic matter to yield a soil supp element .Useful and eco friendly technique. Drawback is it is necessity to separate the organic material from other wastes.
Source Reduction: Best possible technique. Overconsumption and wastage can be checked by adopting 5 R’S

7. R’s of Solid Waste Refuse : Reduce Reuse
Repair: Repair the broken goods and try to repair them and use for a longer time than discarding them
Recycle: The most effective and popular method of preventing wastage is to recycle goods