1. Other Aspects of Musical Sound pp. 30-36

2. Texture  Texture describes the number of things that are going on at once in a piece of music.  Monophony- a single unaccompanied line; unison  Bassoon opening in The Rite of Spring  Homophony- melody and harmonic accompaniment; the melody is dominant, harmony in background  Listening examples 10-14  Polyphony- two or more melodic lines; note by note.  Heterophony- same melody but not in precise unison  Dippermouth Blues

3. Counterpoint  Creates polyphony  Set of strict rules for composition  Pitches fit the same harmonic progression  Everything fits together  Imitative polyphony- one melody played at staggered intervals  Bagatelle No. 5

5. Instrumentation  Instrument or combination of instruments used  Arranging- taking an existing piece of music and writing individual performer parts  Timbre- pitch affected by the thickness and density of the instrument’s material and the amount of resonance  Bagatelle No. 5

6. Dynamics  Loudness and softness of a sound  ppp, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, fff  Crescendo- gradual increase in dynamics  <  Decrescendo/ Diminuendo- gradual decrease  >

7. Articulation  Staccato- notes are played short and separated  Legato- notes are smooth and connected  Pizzicato- method of producing staccato for strings  Accent- strong emphasis on one pitch  Ornamentation- localized embellishments

8. Form in music  Form- how music is organized on a larger scale  Scores- musical notation  Dissonance- way to create tension in music

9. Motive  Motive- smallest identifiable recurring musical idea  Happy Birthday  Melodic contour- rise and fall  Ostinato- melodic or rhythmic motive that is repeated many times in immediate succession

10. Phrase  Phrase- cohesive musical thought  Antecedent- first member of a pair of phrases  Consequent- second member of a pair of phrases

11. Cadence  Cadence- resting point in music  Half cadence- rests on dominant harmony  Full cadence/ authentic cadence- uses progression V-I  Occur at the end of phrases; similar to comma, semicolon, period

12. Theme/ Introduction and Coda  Theme- Set of phrases that make a complete melody  Introduction- How pieces begin  Coda- how many pieces end

13. Common Forms  Repetition- repeating musical material  Sequence- musical idea repeated at a different pitch level  Variation- repetition with enough alterations

14. Theme and Variations  Theme and variations- starts with a straightforward theme and then repeats the theme with changes  Theme- A  Variations- A’  Twelve Bar Blues- twelve measure progression is repeated with variations in melody  Three lines of four measures  Lays out tonic harmony  Attempt to escape tonic, but pulled back  Stronger effort to rise above tonic, but sinks too quickly

15. Improvisation  Improvisation- performers create spontaneous variations of a familiar melody  Help create continuity in music

16. Contrast  Ternary and Rondo Forms  Ternary- ABA  Rondo- ABACABA or ABACA  32- Bar Form  Two 4bar phrases  AABA  Verse- Chorus Form  aBaB

17. Development- Fugue  Fugue subject- single theme in fugue  Imitative counterpoint used to develop  Countersubject- companion theme  Imitation- approximate repetition of a melodic line at a different pitch level.  First line- subject heard alone  Second line- another line imitates the subject  Thick polyphonic texture created

18. Development- Sonata Form  Sonata Form- standard form used in first movements of many compositions.  Exposition- presents first idea in tonic key, modulates to different key, presents second idea in new key  Transition- key change signals Idea #2  Idea #2 contrasts Idea #1 and is most often in the dominant.  Ends in cadence  Development- section harmonically unstable and exploratory  Fragmented and varying phrases

19. Development- Sonata Form (cont)  Recapitulation- order restored  Idea #1 returns, Idea #2 follows in same key as Idea #1  Movements- smaller portions of larger works of music  Sonata cycle- fast-slow-fast  1 st movement- sonata form  2 nd movement- slower, more lyrical, ABA form  Last movement- lively sonata form, rondo form, or hybrid  Alternate 3 rd movement- dance-like movement before final 4 th movement

20. What is real music?  No way of knowing how something in the 1800s sounded  Recording music preserves more than just how the music was written  Performance practice- sub-field that finds how the music really sounded  “Musicking”