2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Exponential Astonishment 8 A Discussion Paragraph 1 web 31. Computing Power 32. Web Growth 1 world 33. Linear Growth 34. Exponential Growth

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-3 Unit 8B Doubling Time and Half- Life

4. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-4 Doubling and Halving Times The time required for each doubling in exponential growth is called doubling time. The time required for each halving in exponential decay is called halving time.

5. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-5 After a time t, an exponentially growing quantity with a doubling time of T double increases in size by a factor of. The new value of the growing quantity is related to its initial value (at t = 0) by New value = initial value x 2 t/T double Doubling Time

6. 8-B Doubling with Compound Interest CN (1) Compound interest produces exponential growth because an interest-bearing account grows by the same percentage each year. Suppose your bank account has a doubling time of 13 years. 1. By what factor does your balance increase in 50 years? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-6

7. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-7 Example World Population Growth: World population doubled from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 2000. Suppose that the world population continued to grow (from 2000 on) with a doubling time of 40 years. What would be the population in 2050? The doubling time is T double 40 years. Let t = 0 represent 2000 and the year 2050 represent t = 50 years later. Use the 2000 population of 6 billion as the initial value. new value = 6 billion x 2 50 yr/40 yr = 6 billion x 2 1.25 ≈ 14.3 billion

8. 8-B World Population Growth CN (2a-b) 2. World population doubled from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 2000. Suppose that world population continued to grow (from 2000 on) with a doubling time of 40 years. a. What would the population be in 2030? b. In 2200? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-8

9. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-9 Approximate Double Time Formula (The Rule of 70) For a quantity growing exponentially at a rate of P% per time period, the doubling time is approximately This approximation works best for small growth rates and breaks down for growth rates over about 15%.

10. 8-B Population Doubling Time CN (3a-b) 3. World population was bout 6.0 billions in 2000 and was growing at a rate of about 1.4% per year. a. What is the approximate doubling time at this growth rate? b. If this growth rate were to continue, what would world population be in 2030? Compare to the result in the last example. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-10

11. 8-B Solving the Doubling Time Formula CN (4) World population doubled in the 40 years from 1960 – 2000. 4. What was the average percentage growth rate during this period? Contrast this growth rate with the 2000 growth rate of 1.4% per year. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-11

12. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-12 After a time t, an exponentially decaying quantity with a half-life time of T half decreases in size by a factor of. The new value of the decaying quantity is related to its initial value (at t = 0) by New value = initial value x (1/2) t/T half Exponential Decay and Half-Life

13. 8-B Carbon-14 Decay CN (5) Radioactive carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5700 years. It collects in organisms only while they are alive. Once they are dead, it only decays. 5. What fraction of the carbon-14 in an animal bone still remains 1000 years after the animal has died? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-13

14. 8-B Plutonium After 100,000 Years CN (6) Suppose that 100 pound of Pu-239 is deposited at a nuclear waste site. 6. How much of it will still be present in 100,000 years? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-14

15. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-15 For a quantity decaying exponentially at a rate of P% per time period, the half-life is approximately This approximation works best for small decay rates and breaks down for decay rates over about 15%. The Approximate Half-Life Formula

16. 8-B Devaluation of Currency CN (7) Suppose that inflation causes the value of the Russian ruble to fall at a rate of 12% per year (relative to the dollar). At this rate, approximately how long does it take for the ruble to lose half its value? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-16

17. 8-B Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-17 Exact Doubling Time and Half-Life Formulas For more precise work, use the exact formulas. These use the fractional growth rate, r = P/100. For an exponentially growing quantity, the doubling time is For a exponentially decaying quantity, use a negative value for r. The halving time is

18. 8-B Large Growth Rate CN (8) A population of rats is growing at a rate of 80% per month. 8. Find the exact doubling time for this growth rate and compare it to the doubling time found with the approximate doubling time formula. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-18

19. 8-B Ruble Revisited CN (10) Suppose the Russian ruble is falling in value against the dollar at 12% per year. 10. Using the exact half-life formula, determine how long it takes the ruble to lose half its value. Compare your answer to the approximate answer found in #7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-19

20. 8-B Quick Quiz CN (11) 11. Please answer the quick quiz multiple choice questions 1-10 on p. 497. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-20

21. 8-B Homework 8B Discussion Paragraph 8A Class Notes 1-11 P. 488:1-12 1 web 59. National Growth Rates 60. World Population Growth 1 world 61. Doubling Time 62. Radioactive Half-Life Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8-21