1. Scott Adams 2006 Chapter 13 and 14

2. Acids-tart and sour taste, conduct electricity, in aqueous solutions produce hydrogen gas Bases- bitter and feel slippery, in aqueous solutions form hydroxide ions

3. Ions determine whether the substance is an acid or base If one has an ionic compound and they put it into water, it will break into two ions. If one of those Ions is H+, the solution is acidic. If one of the ions is OH- the solution is basic.

4. Acids Acids have many distinctive properties:Acids have many distinctive properties: Acidic compounds give foods a sour or tart tasteAcidic compounds give foods a sour or tart taste Aqueous solutions of acids are electrolytesAqueous solutions of acids are electrolytes Acids cause chemical dyes, called indicators to change colorAcids cause chemical dyes, called indicators to change color

5. Bases are compounds that react with acids to form water and a salt Some characteristics of Aqueous solutions are a slippery feel and a bitter taste Bases can be strong or weak electrolytes and bases will change the color of an acid- bases indicator Antacids use a variety of bases to neutralize excess stomach acid The pills in this picture represent an antacid that neutralizes the acidity of a person’s stomach

6. Acids + Bases Acid + Base a Salt + Water HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH HCl + Ca(OH) 2

7. Binary Acids- -2 elements -the prefix is “hydro” ends in “ic” -HCl  Hydrochloric Acid -HBr  Hydrobromic Acid -HI -HF Ternary Acids- -3 elements or more -the higher number of oxygens of pair, it ends in “ic” -the lower number of oxygens ends in “ous” -no “hydro” prefix -name based on polyatomic ion -H 2 CO 3  carbonic -H 3 PO 4 -HNO 3 Bases- are named in the same way as all other ionic compounds

8. The acidity of a water sample is measured on a pH scale. This scale ranges from 0(Maximum acidity) to 14(Maximum alkalinity). The middle of the scale represents the neutral point. The acidity increases from neutral toward 0.

9. pH= -log[H+] When [H+]= 1x10 -7, the pH is 7  neutral Acidic Solution== pH<7.0 [H+] is greater than 1x10 -7 mol/L Basic Solution==pH>7.0 [H+] is less than 1x10 -7 mol/L All contents copyright of ISA © 1995-2006 All rights reserved. www.isa.org/Images/ InTech/Oct2002/20021048.gif

10. pH and Environmental Effects

12. Acids - They form H+ ions in aqueous solutions HCl (water)  H+ & Cl- Bases- They yield OH- ions in aqueous solutions NaOH (water)  OH- & Na+

13. Acids- -Hydrogen-ion donor -Relates to: -Acid+base  a salt + water -They are positive and to balance out, they can give H+ ions Bases- -Hydrogen-ion acceptor -OH- accepts the positive ions to neutralize

14. Acids- -Accepts a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond -(They can accept negative electrons to help neutralize the atom)‏ Bases- -A substance that can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. -(This atom is negative already, therefore it can give off negative electrons to help balance the atom)‏

15. SO x + H 2 O--> H 2 SO 4 --Sulfuric H 2 SO 3 --Sulfurous NO x + H 2 O--> HNO 3 --Nitric HNO 2 --Nitrous --The Sulfur found from emmissions is naturally found in fossil fuels, in oil and coal. (gasoline)‏ --burned to make: electricity --The Nitrogen and Oxygen are both found in air. They combine during high combustion processes.

16. Acid Rain Websites Basic Info Graphs and facts Soil type

17. Heartburn- -occurs in the Esophagus which has no mucus lining -Acid from the stomach backs into the Esophagus Ulcer- -Occurs in the stomach which has a thick mucus lining -The gastric juices have a pH of 1-2 -if there is a “hole” in the stomach acid hits nerve cells and forms an ulcer H.pylori bacterial infection

18. Digestive System Diagram June edition 2006 www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/ www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/

19. Heartburn Heartburn is a pain behind the breast bone, often described as ‘burning’ in quality. Pain can also be felt at the same level in the mid-line of the back. Most people suffer from heartburn at one time or another. In fact heartburn has nothing to do with the heart - it is a digestive problem. Heartburn is generally related to meals and posture and can often be relieved by remedies for indigestion. Acid is present in the stomach to digest food. Heartburn occurs when small amounts of this acid rise up into the gullet (esophagus) - the tube which carries food from the mouth to the stomach. This is called reflux. The gullet, unlike the stomach, does not have a protective lining. So when it is exposed to the acid, it can become inflamed and painful.

20. Ulcers What causes peptic ulcers? The contents of the stomach are acidic. The acid helps to protect the body from infection and helps break down the food that is eaten. The lining of the stomach and duodenum is covered in mucus (a thick, smooth fluid), which protects it from this acid. An ulcer can result when the stomach produces excess acid or there is insufficient mucus to protect the lining from damage. There are several factors that increase a person's risk of getting a peptic ulcer: infection with bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) - this is almost always present in people with ulcers, although it's also found in the stomachs of many people without ulcers or indigestion symptoms regularly taking certain medicines, particularly aspirin and other non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac smoking drinking alcohol in excess

21. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/ md/pepticulcer.html -Normal mucosal folds ("rugae") in the gastric body. -Gastric Ulcer -Perforated ulcer Copyright © 1999-2004 by Fifth Dimension Technologies. All rights reserved www.5dt.com/products/ pgastroatlas.html

23. Acidosis Alkalosis pHless than 7.35greater than 7.45 Breathing hypoventilationhyperventilation Blood Gases O 2 CO 2 O 2 CO 2 Nervous SystemSlows-comaSpeeds up-- convulsions Treatment Oxygen, BiCarbonate IV Paper Bag (or mask)‏ HCO 3 -