1. DNA in the Cell Stored in Number of Chromosomes (24 in Human Genome) Tightly coiled threads of DNA and Associated Proteins: Chromatin 3 billion bp in Human Genome: Total genetic content of cell DNA can be replicated Genes: Specific sequence of bases (one polypeptide

4. Central Dogma

6. Flow of Information DNA store a lot of information A little bit used at a time Small bits copied into temporary molecules messenger RNA (mRNA) Transcription RNA - Single Stranded –U for T –Ribose is sugar

7. Coding Sets of three letter from (A,G,C,T) codes for amino acid (codon) Stop codons (3) Universal language for Amino Acids

10. Transcription Transcription to preserve the DNA (sense) RNA (antisense) made by RNA Polymerase Polymerase binds at DNA promoter sequence just before the gene Nucleotides from environment added to RNA chain based on DNA Template Continues until terminator sequence

16. Genes 10% of DNA encodes for Genes Exons: Coding Sequences for Proteins Introns: Non-Coding Sequences Human Genome: 100,000 Genes 100,000 Proteins synthesized from genes Genes encode for Amino Acids(Codons) Building blocks for proteins (workers)

17. DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) Direct for prokaryotes From Nucleus to Cytoplasm for eukaryotes Introns removed from mRNA Template for Protein Synthesis by Ribosome

18. Translation mRNA copy to Protein Translation: Process of Protein Synthesis Occurs on Ribosomes: Large structures consisting of proteins and RNA Many of them in the cell transfer RNA (tRNA) which accomplish actual translation

22. tRNA At one anticodon (three base sequence) Complementary to one of codons on mRNA At other end is a chemical group to attach an amino acid Read codons, Bind to them, Bring amino acid to ribosome Shape dependent -- Energy Consuming (50% in bacteria)

25. Signals for Protein Synthesis Stop Codons Start Codon –Beginning of mRNA sequence –Reading Frame (way message divided into codons) AUGCCUGUCAAA

26. DNA Replication Copy DNA for new cells DNA Polymerases Mistakes corrected by enzyme itself Proofreading Mistake 1 in 10^9