1. Chapter 20.1
Diversity of Fungi

2. FUNGI

3. FUNGI COMMON FUNGI EXAMPLES:
Mushrooms, yeasts, molds, morels, bracket fungi, puff balls

4. Key Concepts: Fungi are heterotrophs Fungi are the decomposers
Fungi use extracellular digestion – when enzymes are secreted outside of their body to digest food
Most fungi are multicellular
Fungal spores develop from hyphae
Many fungi are symbionts with other organisms

5. Characteristics of Fungi
Multicellular
Plant looking
Mushrooms, molds
Single cell
Yeasts
Found in soil, on plants, in humans
Bread, beer, wine
Cause yeast infections in humans
Yeast

6. 3 Major Features 1.Cell walls Made of Chitin
The same stuff that makes insects’ exoskeleton.

7. 2. Hyphae The basic structure of fungi.
Long, thread-like chains of cells.
Grow at the tips and branch…
Mycelium – mass of hyphae

8. 3. Cross-walls
The wall that divides cells
“septum”

9. FUNGI FRUITING BODY Visible part Contains spore producing structures
Like a mushroom cap
Button

10. Fungi Nutrition 3 ways fungi absorb nutrition:
Saprophytic – feed on dead matter
Example – bracket fungi
Parasitic - feed on living organisms and only the parasite benefits from the relationship
Example - ringworm
Mutualistic – both organisms benefit from the relationship
Example - mycorrhizae

11. Fungi Reproduction 3 kinds of fungi reproduction: Budding
Fragmentation
Spore production

12. Sporophores
The fruiting body of a spore forming fungus
Bread Mold

13. Sporangium The sac where spores are produced
Protects spores from drying out

14. Chapter 20.2
Fungi Phyla

15. 5 Phyla of Fungi Chytridiomycota - Chytrids Zygomycota – Common Molds
Ascomycota – Sac Fungi
Basidiomycota – Club Fungi
Deuteromycota – Imperfect Fungi

16. PURPLE CORAL FUNGUS Clavaria RUBBER CUP FUNGUS Sarcosorna
SULFUR SHELF FUNGUS Polyporus
TRUMPET CHANTARELLE Caraterellus
SCARLET HOOD Hygrophorus
BIG LAUGHING MUSHROOM Gymnophilus

17. The light
red coral
Fungus,
Ramaria
The shelf
Fungus,
Polyporus

18. Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria
A.ocreata
Very poisonous
Fly Agaric mushroom, Amanita muscaria
Causes hallucinations when eaten.

19. 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mostly marine.
Mostly saprophytes.
Have flagellated spores.

20. 2. Phylum Zygomycota
Mostly terrestrial.
Two types of hyphae:
Stolons – spread across the surface
Rhizoids – digs into the surface

21. germinating zygospore
zygospore (2n)
Diploid Stage
nuclear fusion
meiosis
50 µm
Haploid Stage
spores (n)
Zygospore
Spore sac
germinating zygospore
young zygospore
mycelium develops from germinated spore
spores (n)
gametangia fusing
stolon
rhizoids
contact between hyphae of two mating strains
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (mitosis)

22. molds

25. Most are multicellular except for yeast.
3. Phylum Ascomycota
Most are multicellular except for yeast.
Most undergo asexual reproduction.
Sac Fungi
ascospore (sexual spore)

26. Morels ascospore (sexual spore) spore sac ascoscarp ascoscarp
spore-bearing hypha of this ascoscarp
conidia (chains of asexual spores)
budding yeast cell

27. yeasts

32. Major decomposers of wood. Mostly sexual reproduction. Club Fungi
4. Phylum Basidiomycota
Major decomposers of wood.
Mostly sexual reproduction.
Club Fungi

34. mushrooms

35. GIANT PUFFBALL

36. Humongous Fungus (Honey Mushroom)

38. Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen)
5. Phylum Deuteromycota
Asexual Reproduction (sexual reproduction has never been seen)
Imperfect Fungi
Ringworm

40. Chapter 20.3
Ecology of Fungi

41. Mutualistic Fungi
Some Fungi form Mutualistic relationships with other organisms:
Lichen
Mycorrhizae H i

42. Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
crustose
Lichens
Bioindicators
Pioneer species
Fungi (usually ascomycota) + algae (or photosynthetic bacteria)
foliose

43. Crustose dispersal fragment (cells of mycobiont and of photobiont)
cortex (outer layer of mycobiont)
photobionts
medulla (inner layer of loosley woven hyphae)
cortex
Crustose

44. Usnea – fructicose Cladonia rangiferina fructicose Old Man’s Beard
Leaf-like - foliose
Erect branching
Lichen
Cladonia rangiferina
fructicose

45. Crustose
foliose
fructicose

46. Increases surface area
Mycorrhizae
Fungi + plant roots
Increases surface area

47. Fungi Molds Penicillium Aspergillus Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Penicillin
Camembert and Roquefort cheeses
Aspergillus
Soy sauce
Soft drinks - citric acid
Yeasts
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Bread, wine and beer
Candida albicans
Infections

48. Fungi and Humans
Medical uses:
Penicillin
Penicillin

49. Fungi and Humans
Food:
Morels, truffels, yeast
Morel
Truffel

50. Fungi and Humans
Bioremediation – clean the environment.

51. Fungi and Humans
Harmful Fungi:

52. Some Pathogenic and Toxic Fungi
Ascomycetes
Ajeliomyces capsulatus- Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus – sinus, ear, lung infection
Microsporium sp. Various ringworms.
Verticillium sp Plant wilt
Monilinia fructicola-
Brown Rot of Peaches
Zygomycetes
Rhizopus - Food spoilage
Basidiomycetes
Puccinia graminis Wheat Rust
Ustilago maydis Corn Smut