1. Chapter 4 bacteriophage

2. Bacteriophages ( phages ) are obligate intracellular parasites that multiply inside bacteria by making use of some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery . They are viruses that infect bacteria.

3. Composition of Bacteriophage
nucleic acid: either DNA or RNA but not both
ds DNA, ss RNA, ss DNA
unusual or modified bases
encode 3-5 gene products to over 100 gene products
Protein: function in infection and protect the nucleic acid

4. Structure of Bacteriophage
different sizes and shapes
icosahedral 二十面体
filamentous

5. Capsid
Head
DNA
Contractile Sheath
Tail
Tail Fibers
Base Plate

9. Types of Bacteriophage
Lytic or Virulent Phages
毒性噬菌体
Lysogenic or Temperate Phage
溶原性噬菌体或温和噬菌体

10. Lytic or Virulent Phages
Definition:
Lytic or virulent phages are phages which can only multiply in bacteria and kill the cell by lysis at the end of the life cycle.

11. Life Cycle Adsorption吸附 Penetration穿入 Biological Synthesis生物合成
Maturation and Release成熟和释放

12. Adsorption吸附

13. Penetration穿入

14. Biological Synthesis生物合成

15. Maturation and Release成熟和释放

17. Bacteriophage binding to and injecting their DNA into a bacterial cell

19. bacteriophage after contraction of sheath
normal bacteriophage

22. Assay for Lytic Phage
Plaque assay噬斑测定

23. Lytic phage are enumerated by a plaque assay
Lytic phage are enumerated by a plaque assay. A plaque is a clear area which results from the lysis of bacteria. Each plaque arises from a single infectious phage. The infectious particle that gives rise to a plaque is called a pfu (plaque forming unit).

24. Lysogenic or Temperate Phage 溶原性噬菌体或温和噬菌体
Lysogenic or temperate phages are those that can either multiply via the lytic cycle or enter a quiescent state in the cell. In this quiescent state most of the phage genes are not transcribed; the phage genome exists in a repressed state. The phage DNA in this repressed state is called a prophage because it is not a phage but it has the potential to produce phage. In most cases the phage DNA actually integrates into the host chromosome and is replicated along with the host chromosome and passed on to the daughter cells. The cell harboring a prophage is termed a lysogenic bacterium.

28. Lysogenic bacterium

29. Induction

32. Animation summarizing the lysogenic life cycle of a temperate bacteriophage.

33. 溶原性细菌的溶原性周期和溶菌性周期

34. lysogenic conversion 溶原性转换
When a cell becomes lysogenized, occasionally extra genes carried by the phage get expressed in the cell. These genes can change the properties of the bacterial cell. This process is called lysogenic conversion.

35. Application of Bacteriophage
Used in treatment of bacterial infections
Used for the identification of pathogenic bacteria (phage typing噬菌体型分型)
Used in molecular biology