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Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission.
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How many organisms are there?
Good Question! Let’s exclude extinct species! Many extant are unknown so we estimate! Bacteria: 10,000 Archaea: 1,000 Protista: 20,000 (includes Stramenopila and Rhodophyta) Plantae: 285,000 (mostly flowering) Fungi: 110,000 Animalia: 1,400,000 (mostly arthropods)
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√ Homo sapiens There are many Homo sapiens in class.
Learn your own Latin binomial. Our genus means “self” not gender identity Our epithet: we think that we think! Our epithet always ends in ‘s’: One Homo sapiens is the instructor. There are many Homo sapiens in class. Print in italics, underscore in manuscript. I am a Homo sapiens. √
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How many kingdoms are there?
Good Question! The relationships among known organisms are not completely understood. Are you a lumper or a splitter? Newer information appears to back up the taxonomic decisions of splitters! Historical shifts from 2, to 3, to 4, to 5, to 6 and now to many more in just the last 40 years!
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Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms Lumpers Splitters 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Archaea Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals
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Descent with Modification
Charles Darwin - British Naturalist Formal Studies: Medicine and Theology Descent with Modification 1880 The Power of Movement in Plants 1871 Descent of Man 1859 Origin of Species Species evolved from generation to generation over time HMS Beagle Voyage
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Notice the very large number of extinctions!
Darwin’s Tree of Life (1859) the only figure in: On the Origin of Species future time present The Roman numerals each represent 1000 generations many more many more past time The letters A-L represent hypothetical progenitor species within a single genus Notice the very large number of extinctions!
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DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA
Question 14 Page 15 before nucleus true nucleus Turn back to the tree of life shown in Figure 1.5. Note that Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, while Eukarya are eukaryotes. On the simplified tree below, draw an arrow that points to the branch where the structure called the nucleus originated. Explain your reasoning. DOMAIN BACTERIA DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA
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How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 First Eukaryote! Extinct 2 1
Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 8 5 3 First Eukaryote! Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell
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How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 5 3 First Eukaryote! Extinct 2 1
Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 8 5 3 First Eukaryote! Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell
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Here is a phylogeny that covers some of the animals:
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Figure 1-9 Page 10 of 3rd Edition
Plants, fungi, and animals are small branch tips on the tree of life This node represents the common ancestor of archaea and eukaryotes This node represents the common ancestor of all organisms alive today
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In which direction is the axis of time shown?
Page 7 Figure 1.5 In spite of this graphic image, and the highlighted point on the lower right, your book, like most others, is organized as if there were only two kingdoms (Plantae and Animalia), as if nothing happened since Linnaeus! DOMAIN BACTERIA Mycoplasma How is this graphic from your book the same, and how is it different from the other depictions of the “Tree of Life” you have seen so far? In which direction is the axis of time shown? The long list of organisms down the right are? Firmicutes Cyanobacteria Actinobacteria Spirochaetes Chlamydiae Bacteriodetes -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria This node represents the common ancestor of all organisms alive today -Proteobacteria -Proteobacteria DOMAIN ARCHAEA Thaumarchaeota Crenarchaeota Korarchaeota This node represents the common ancestor of archaea and eukaryotes Euryarchaeota DOMAIN EUKARYA Slime molds Fungi Animals Choanoflagellates Fungi, animals, and plants are small branch tips on the tree of life Euglenids Parabasilids The three twigs highlighted on the tree are showing which level of modern Linnean taxonomy? Diplomonads Red algae Green algae Land plants Foraminiferans Ciliates Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Water molds Diatoms Brown algae
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David Hillis’ tree of life based on total genome sequences (at the time)
Eukaryotes Archaeons How many twigs would be on this diagram if ALL the extant organisms were shown? ? Prokaryotes Time Dimension?
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Because this analysis is easier/faster, more species can be included!
David Hillis’ tree of life based on rRNA sequence analysis (at press time) Rhodophyta Because this analysis is easier/faster, more species can be included! origin Stramenopila
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Darwin’s Four Postulates
Darwin broke the process of evolution by natural selection into four criteria, or postulates Individuals in a population vary in their traits Some of these differences are heritable; they are passed on to offspring 16
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Darwin’s Four Postulates
In each generation, many more offspring are produced than can survive Only some will survive long enough to reproduce Some will produce more offspring than others Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits The individuals are selected naturally, by the environment 17
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Darwin’s Four Postulates
Evolution is thus a logical outcome of the four postulates…notably at the population level of organization over generations…NOT within the lifespan of one individual! Modern biologists condense Darwin’s four steps into two statements: Evolution by natural selection occurs when: Heritable variation leads to Differential reproductive success 18
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Time Distal elements and radius Ulna Humerus Tulerpeton (362 mya)
Figure 25.4 Distal elements and radius Ulna Humerus Tulerpeton (362 mya) Acanthostega (365 mya) Figure 25.4 Transitional Features during the Evolution of the Tetrapod Limb. Tiktaalik (375 mya) Time Fin rays Eusthenopteron (385 mya) 19
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Tetrapod Limb: Homologous Structures
Figure 25.9 Tetrapod Limb: Homologous Structures Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Figure 25.9 Structural Homology: Limbs with Different Functions Have the Same Underlying Structure. Turtle Human Horse Bird Bat Seal crawl type run arm-fly hand-fly swim 20
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Human coccyx (vestigial tail)
Figure 25.5 Spider monkey tail Figure 25.5 Vestigial Traits Are Reduced Versions of Traits in Other Species. Human coccyx (vestigial tail) 21
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Gill pouch Gill pouch Gill pouch Tail Tail Tail Chick Human House cat
Figure 25.8 Gill pouch Gill pouch Gill pouch Figure 25.8 Developmental Homology: Structures That Appear Early in Development Are Similar. Tail Tail Tail Chick Human House cat 22
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Click Here During Slide Show To Watch The Video!
Figure 25.15 Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) Figure Studying Evolution in Action on the Galápagos. Daphne Major Click Here During Slide Show To Watch The Video! 23
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