1. Lecture 12: Archival Research

2. Paradoxical Effects of Supportive Audiences on Performance Under Pressure: The Home Field Disadvantage in Sports Championships Baumeister and Steinhilber (1984)

3. Research Question The heightened self-attention caused by the prospect of imminent success may ironically hamper the performance that is supposed to bring about that very success. (p. 86) Two possibilities – Attention to the self is distracting – Attention to the self interferes with automatic processes

4. World Series Winners (1924-1982) Note: Excludes 10 Sweeps 38.51610Game 7 40.82920Last Game 60.239591 And 2 Home %VisitorHomeGames Winners

5. NBA Championship and Semifinal Results (1967-1982) 38.585Game 7 46.32219Last Game 70.1491151-4 Home %VisitorHomeGames Winners

6. Outcome of Game 6 in World Series ( One Team will have 3 Wins and the Other Team will have 2 Wins) 37.5106Home Can Clinch 72.7616Home Must Win Home %VisitorHomePressure Winners

7. Free-Throw Performances in NBA Championships (1967-1982) 73%72%Scoring % Last Game: 74%69%Scoring % Games 1-4: VisitorHome

8. Basic Characteristics of Archival Research Analysis of Existing Information Requires a Translation of Existing Records into IVs and DVs – Standard Measurement Concerns – Reliability and Validity Subject to all of the standard threats to internal validity and the standards concerns over non- experimental research. Often we think of archival analysis as the use of existing research archives…

9. Survey Archives Descriptive Information External Validity is often Maximized R. B. Cattell: “I have always felt justifiably suspicious of theory built much ahead of data” Very low cost Disadvantages: Often S-Data with limited measurement options.

10. The 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBSS): The 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBSS): Download: http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/yrbs/data/index.htm

11. Focus of the Survey Behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and maladaptive health habits among youth. Including: – ATOD – Sexual behaviors – Unhealthy dietary behaviors – Inadequate physical activity

12. Leading Causes of Death Among Persons Aged 10 – 24 Years in the United States, 2003

13. Leading Causes of Death Among Persons Aged 25 Years and Older in the United States, 2003

14. Characteristics of the Survey 9 th – 12th grade students Probability sample of schools Anonymous, self-administered questionnaires that are completed in one class period (45 minutes) Usually collected during the Spring

15. 2005 Survey National probability sample of public and private schools Total sample size = 13,917 School-level response rate = 78% – 159 out of 203 schools Student-level response rate = 86% – 13,917 out of 16,262 students

16. Response Rates and Sample Sizes National YRBS, 1991 – 2005 13,91715,21413,60115,34916,26210,90416,29612,272Sample size 86% 78% 2005 83% 86%87%86%90% Student response rate 81%75%77%79%70%78%75%School response rate 2003200119991997199519931991

17. Copyright restrictions may apply. Rubinstein, S. et al. JAMA 2000;283:1569. Trend in BMI of Miss America Pageant Winners from 1922 to 1999

20. ATOD use

21. * Had at least one drink of alcohol on ≥ 1 days during their life ** W, H > B National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005 Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Alcohol Use,* by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,** 2005

22. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Alcohol Use,* 1991 – 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005 * Had at least one drink of alcohol on ≥ 1 days during their life 1 Significant linear decrease and quadratic change, P <.05

23. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Current Alcohol Use,* by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,** 2005 * Had at least one drink of alcohol on  1 of the 30 days preceding the survey ** W, H > B National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

24. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Current Alcohol Use,* 1991 – 2005 * Had at least 1 drink of alcohol on  1 of the 30 days preceding the survey 1 Significant linear decrease and quadratic change, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

25. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Episodic Heavy Drinking,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 * Had  5 drinks of alcohol in a row (i.e., within a couple of hours) on  1 of the 30 days preceding the survey ** M > F *** W > H > B National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

26. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Episodic Heavy Drinking,* 1991 – 2005 * Had  5 drinks of alcohol in a row (i.e., within a couple of hours) on  1 of the 30 days preceding the survey 1 Significant linear decrease and quadratic change, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

27. * Other than a few sips ** M > F *** B, H > W Percentage of High School Students Who Drank Alcohol for the First Time Before Age 13 Years,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

28. Percentage of High School Students Who Drank Alcohol for the First Time Before Age 13 Years,* 1991 – 2005 * Other than a few sips 1 Significant linear decrease and quadratic change, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

29. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Marijuana Use,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 * Used marijuana one or more times during their life ** M > F *** H > W National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

30. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Marijuana Use,* 1991 – 2005 * Used marijuana one or more times during their life 1 Significant linear increase and quadratic change, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

31. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Inhalant Use,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 * Sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high one or more times during their life ** F > M *** W, H > B National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

32. Percentage of High School Students Who Reported Lifetime Inhalant Use,* 1995 – 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1995 – 2005 * Sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any paints or sprays to get high one or more times during their life 1 Significant linear decrease and quadratic change, P <.05

33. Sexual Behavior

34. Percentage of High School Students Who Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,* 2005 * B > H > W National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

35. Percentage of High School Students Who Ever Had Sexual Intercourse, 1991 – 2005 1 Significant linear decrease, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

36. Percentage of High School Students Who Had First Sexual Intercourse Before Age 13 Years, by Sex* and Race/Ethnicity,** 2005 * M > F ** B > H > W National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

37. Percentage of High School Students Who Had First Sexual Intercourse Before Age 13 Years, 1991 – 2005 1 Significant linear decrease, P <.05 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005

38. Percentage of High School Students Who Were Currently Sexually Active,* by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,** 2005 * Had sexual intercourse with ≥ 1 persons during the 3 months preceding the survey ** B > W, H National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

39. Percentage of High School Students Who Were Currently Sexually Active,* 1991 – 2005 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 1991 – 2005 * Had sexual intercourse with ≥ 1 persons during the 3 months preceding the survey 1 Significant linear decrease, P <.05

40. Percentage of High School Students Who Were Taught in School about AIDS or HIV infection, by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,* 2005 * W > B, H National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

41. Physical Activity

42. Percentage of High School Students Who Met Currently Recommended Levels of Physical Activity,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 * Were physically active doing any kind of physical activity that increased their heart rate and made them breathe hard some of the time for a total of at least 60 minutes/day on ≥ 5 of the 7 days preceding the survey ** M > F *** W > B, H National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

43. Percentage of High School Students Who Played Video or Computer Games or Used a Computer for ≥ 3 Hours/Day,* by Sex** and Race/Ethnicity,*** 2005 * On an average school day, for something that is not school work ** M > F *** B > W, H National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

44. Percentage of High School Students Who Watched ≥ 3 Hours/Day of Television,* by Sex and Race/Ethnicity,** 2005 * On an average school day ** B > H > W National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2005

45. Temperature and Aggression (e.g., Anderson, 1987, 1989; Anderson & Anderson, 1996; Bushman, Wang, & Anderson, 2005)

46. Shakespeare… from Anderson (1989) I pray thee good Mercutio, let’s retire; The day is hot, the Capulets, abroad, And, if we meet, we shall not ‘scape a brawl, For now these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. --Romeo & Juliet

47. Some Approaches to the Issue Negative Affect Escape: NA instigates competing tendencies of Aggression or Escape. At low to moderate levels of NA  Aggression whereas at high levels of NA  Escape. Simple NA Model: Heat  NA  Aggression Cognitive Neoassociation Model: Uncomfortable conditions prime aggressive thoughts which increase the motive to aggress

48. Some Basic Findings from Archival Studies

53. Temper and Temperature on the Diamond: The Heat-Aggression Relationship in Major League Baseball Source: Reifman, Larrick, & Fein (1991)

54. Details Random sample of games from the 1986 (n=215), 1987 (n=304), and 1988 (n=307) MLB seasons. For each selected game: Recorded the number of players hit by pitch (HBP) and the high temperature in home city on that day. Control Variables: walks, wild pitches, passed balls, home runs, and attendance.

55. Results r between temperature and HBP:.11 Effect held controlling for other variables. Also found the same effect in the 1962 season (r =.10) Results support an association between temperature and aggression. Effect size? Consider that there are over 2,000 games during one full season of MLB.

56. The Number of Batters Hit by Pitchers Increases with Temperature