1. Environmental Science: Ecosystems: How They Work in Cycles & Energy

2. Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests are disappearing How much land surface? Rate of destruction? What are the effects of destruction?

3. Effects of destruction of tropical forests: 1. Decrease biodiversity (how?) What does this lead to?

4. Effects of destruction of tropical forests: 2. Accelerate global climate change Decreasing carbon dioxide uptake (How?) What can this cause?

5. Effects of destruction of tropical forests: 3. Change in regional weather patterns Heat absorbed by land

6. Organization of Life Organism – anything alive Cell – basic unit of life in organisms (Cell Theory) Prokaryote – primitive cell with no membrane structures like nucleus, etc Eukaryote – cell with distinctive nucleus and membrane bound organelles Species – organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup which can breed and produce fertile off spring.

7. Organization Population a group of interacting individuals of the same species in the same area. Community – a group of different populations living together Ecosystem – a community of different species living together and their environment. Biosphere – all the earth’s ecosystems together

8. Components in the Environment Biotic Factors – all living organisms Abiotic Factors – all nonliving factors that impact or influence living organisms

9. Ecology Terms Genetic Diversity – all the differences within a species Habitat – where different organisms live Distribution ( range) – the area over which we can find a species Niche – what an organism does, its lifestyle

10. Earth’s Systems Atmosphere – The thin layer of air around the earth. Hydrosphere – all of earth’s water Lithosphere – the earths crust and upper mantle Biosphere – portion of earth in which living organisms exist

11. Ecology Terms Genetic Diversity – all the differences within a species Habitat – where different organisms live Distribution ( range) – the area over which we can find a species Niche – what an organism does, its lifestyle

12. Earth’s Systems Atmosphere – The thin layer of air around the earth. Hydrosphere – all of earth’s water Lithosphere – the earths crust and upper mantle Biosphere – portion of earth in which living organisms exist

13. This Lesson Is About How Ecosystems Function: Transfer Energy and Nutrients Capture of sun energy transfer through different trophic levels. Capture of essential elements of life and transfer through different trophic levels. Nutrient cycles. Human impacts on ecosystem function.

14. Sustaining Life on Earth One way flow of energy from the sun, that passes through materials and living things in their feeding interactions Cycling of matter Gravity which allows the earth to hold its atmosphere

15. First Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.

16. The Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements.

17. The 4 Sphere’s of Earth’s Environment The Biosphere depends on and reacts with the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The sun provides the energy to make it all work.

18. Elements of Life 92 naturally occurring elements Elements Found in Living Organisms N CHOPS (macronutrients) C HOPKINS Ca Fe Mg B Mn Cu Cl Mo Zn What elements would be harmful to living organisms?

19. 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen < 0.04% Carbon Dioxide Atmospheric Gases

20. Air is composed of many types of atoms. The main gases are N 2, O 2 and CO 2

21. Elements of Life Organic = carbon based molecules Example: C 6 H 12 O 6, CH 4 Inorganic = molecules without carbon-carbon nor carbon-hydrogen bonds Example: NaCl, NH 4, H 2 SO 4

22. Match the Elements (Left) With Molecules (Right) Nitrogen Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Glucose Proteins Starch Fats Nucleic acids All of the above

23. Organic Molecules: The Source of Life Sugar is made of 3 elements in a specific molecular shape.

24. Arrangement of Matter in Ecology

25. Matter and Energy Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass. Cannot be created or destroyed. Can be changed from one form into another. Can be recycled. Can be measured where gravity is present.

26. Matter and Energy Energy: anything that has the ability to move matter, has no mass and does not occupy space. Cannot be created or destroyed. Can be changed from one form to another. Cannot be recycled. Can be measured.

27. Phase Changes of Water – The Water Cycle.

28. Mineral Crystals The cations and anions join in a crystal to form a solid substance

29. Formation of Crystals and Solubility of Gases Gases are soluble in water and have an equilibrium. Saturation of ions in solution leads to crystallization and mineral formation.

30. Forms of Energy in Life Kinetic Energy is energy of motion. Potential Energy is the stored energy or energy of state.

31. Potential Energy in Natural Systems

32. Conversion of Energy forms

33. Laws of Thermodynamics First Law: (CHANGE) Energy is neither created nor destroyed but may be converted from one form to another. NO FREE LUNCHES! Second Law: (LOSS) In any energy conversion, you will end up with less usable energy than you started with. YOU CAN ‘T BREAK EVEN!

34. Cellular Respiration and Entropy

35. Entropy Systems will go spontaneously in one direction only which is toward increasing entropy.

36. Example of the Laws of Conservation of Matter and Thermodynamics Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H 2 0 + Ash (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat

37. First Principles of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy.

38. Elements of Life Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 0 Which process uses and which produces energy? Which process occur in plants and which in animals?

39. The First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability At Work

40. Consumers and Energy Cycles

41. Productivity by Biome

42. Match Outcomes (Left) With Process (Right) Releases O2 Stores energy Releases CO2 Uses CO2 Releases energy Produces sugar Uses sugar Uses O2 Photosynthesis Cell respiration Both Neither

43. Match Outcomes (Left) With Organisms (Right) Releases O2 Stores energy Releases CO2 Uses CO2 Releases energy Produces sugar Uses sugar Uses O2 Plants Animals Both Neither

44. The Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements.

45. The Carbon Cycle How and in what form does carbon enter and leave the cycle? How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same? What are the human impacts on the cycle?

47. The Phosphorus Cycle How and in what form(s) does phosphorus enter and leave the cycle? How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same? What are the human impacts on the cycle?

49. The Nitrogen Cycle How and in what form(s) does nitrogen enter and leave the cycle? How is the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs different and the same? What are the human impacts on the cycle?

51. The Human System This graph shows how much grain it takes to make one pound of each kind of meat. If we did not eat beef then we could feed 3 times as many people on Earth.

52. The Human System

53. Violations of the First Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Excessive use of fossil fuels. Feeding largely on the third trophic level. Use of coal or nuclear power. Use of agricultural land to produce meats.

54. Violations of the Second Principle of Ecosystem Sustainability Lack of recycling. Excessive use of fertilizers. Destruction of tropical rain forests. Nutrient overcharge into aquatic ecosystems. Production and use of nonbiodegradable compounds.

55. Ecosystem Services and Functions Gas, climate and water regulation Water supply Erosion control Soil formation Pollination Biological control

56. Ecosystem Services and Functions Food production Recreation Raw materials Nutrient cycling Waste treatment