1. Research Methodology Part I
Presented by:
Sanya Shahid
Sadaf Gul

2. Clarifying the Research Questions
Discover the Management Dilemma
Define Management Questions
Define Research Questions
Refine the Research Questions
Exploration
Exploration
Research Proposal

3. An Exploration typically begins with a search of published data
An Exploration typically begins with a search of published data. In addition, researchers often seek out people who are well informed on the topic, especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem.

4. A Research proposal is similar in a number of ways to a project proposal; however, a research proposal addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. The guidelines for research proposals are generally more exacting than less formal project proposals.  Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed. 

5. Purpose of the research proposal
To inform the reader of nature of your proposed research.
2. To convince the reader, especially supervisors and reviewers, of the value of your proposed research.
3. To demonstrate your expertise and competency in a particular area of study.
4. To plan the research project and provide a step-by-step guide to the tasks necessary for its completion.
5. To request support from individuals and agencies who provide supervision, oversight or funding for the research project.
6. To contract with the agencies and individuals involved, including supervisors, foundations and participants in the research team.

6. Types of Research Proposals
Internal Research Proposal is done by staff specialists or by the research department within the firm
External Research Proposal sponsored by university grant committees, government agencies, government contractors, not-for-profit organizations or corporations

7. Structure of the research proposal
Title
Executive Summary
Problem statement
Research Objectives
Literature Review
Importance and Benefits of the Study
Research Design
Data Analysis
Nature & form of Results
Qualification of Researchers
Budget
Schedule
Facilities & Special Resources
Project Management
Bibliography
Appendix

8. Design in Research Process
Research Design Strategy
(type, Purpose, time frame, scope, environment)
Data Collection Design
Sampling Design
Instrument Developing and Pilot Testing
Data Collection and Preparation

9. Research Design
Research design constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is:
An activity- and time based plan
A plan always based on the research question
A guide for selecting sources and types of information
A framework for specifying the relationship among the study variables
A procedural outline for every research activity

10. Descriptors of Research Design
Category
Options
The degree to which the research question has been crystallized
Explanatory study
Formal Study
The method of data collection
Monitoring
Communication Study
The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under the study
Experimental
Ex post facto
The purpose of the study
Descriptive
causal
The time dimension
Cross Sectional
Longitudinal
The topic scope- breadth and depth- of the study
Case
Statistical Study
The research environment
Field setting
Laboratory research
Simulation
The participants perceptions of research activity
Actual outline
Modified routine
Descriptors of Research Design

11. Qualitative / Quantitative
Quality is the essential character or nature of something; Quantity is the amount
Quality is the what; Quantity the how much

14. Exploratory
Exploration is useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the study. Through exploration researchers develop concepts more clearly, establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final research design

15. Exploratory Studies Qualitative Techniques Secondary Data Analysis
Experience Survey
Focus Group
Two-Stage Design

16. Formalized Studies
In contrast to exploratory studies, these are those with substantial structure, specific hypothesis to be tested, or research questions to be answered.
Descriptive
Causal

17. Descriptive/ Causal
Descriptive studies are those used to describe phenomenon associated with a subject population or to estimate proportions of the population that have certain characteristics.
Causal studies seek to discover the effect that a variable(s) has on another (or others) or why certain outcomes are obtained

18. Moving from management question to research question….
Secondary Researches
Moving from management question to research question….

19. Exploratory Phase Search Strategy
Levels of Information
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

20. 2) Types of Information Sources
Indexes
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
Handbooks
Directories

21. 3) Evaluating Information Sources
Purpose
Scope
Authority
Audience
Format

22. 4) Searching a Bibliographic Database
Select a Database
Save results of Research
Retrieve articles

23. 5) Searching the World Wide Web for Information
6) Searching for Specific Types of Information on the Web
Known item searches
Who searches
Where searches
What searches

24. Business research to understand how and why things happen…
Qualitative research
Business research to understand how and why things happen…

25. Qualitative research Methodologies
Sampling (Non Probability) – Purposive, Snowball, Convenience
Interviews – Unstructured, semi structured, structured
- Projective Techniques (word / picture association, sentence completion, cartoons, laddering or benefit chain, imagination exercises, brand mapping etc
- Interviewer qualifications (interview or discussion guide, recruitment screener)

26. 3) Individual Depth Interviews (IDI) – CAPIs
- life histories
4) Group Interviews –
- Dyads, Triads, mini-groups, small groups, super groups
- Heterogeneous, Homogeneous
- Experts, non-experts
- Moderator’s Role
- Focus Groups -> Telephonic, Online, Videoconferencing

27. Combining Qualitative Methodologies
- Case Study
- Action Research
Merging Qualitative & Quantitative Methodologies
- Triangulation

28. Observation Studies
Involves listening, reading, smelling and touching…

29. Types of observation 1) Non-behavioral observation - Record Analysis
- Physical condition analysis
- Process or activity analysis
2) Behavioral observation
- Non-verbal behavior
- Linguistic behavior
- Extra-linguistic behavior – vocal, temporal, interaction and verbal stylistic
- Spatial relationship

30. Evaluation of the observation method
1) Merits
- Audience
- Originality
- Ignorant data
- Natural occurrence
- less biasness
2) Demerits
- Missing event
- Slow & expensive
- Inference less
- Uncontrollable environment
- Connectivity from past to present

31. The Observer-Participant relationship
Directness of Observation
- Direct observation
- Indirect observation
2) Concealment
3) Participation

32. Conducting an Observation Study
The Type of Study
- Simple observation
- Systematic observation
- observation checklist
2) Content Specialization – Factual / Inferential
3) Observer Training – concentration, detail oriented, unobtrusive, experience level
4) Data Collection – 4 Ws and How

33. References
Donald R. Cooper & Pamela S. Schindler, Business Research Methods, ninth edition, the McGraw- Hill Companies.

34. Thank you