1. “What we Eat” A Study From The National Research Council Cindy Millan ES 408

2. The Issue Ingestion of earth soil by humans is a public health issue. Ingestion of soils occurs in one of two way  Direct: intentionally or consciously eating soils  Indirect: via eating (Contaminated foods etc.)

3. Direct Ingestion (Geophagia) Geophagia/Geophagy: the direct consumption of soil or clay Documented in historical times  Remains a current practice today  Practice increasing in Western society's through introduction by several immigrant groups  Soils can be purchased in ethnic food stores that attract specific cultures and spark interest for others

4. Direct Ingestion Cont. Human/Animal Nutritionist Perspective  Acquired Habitual Response: Ingestion of soils in order to reduce toxicity of various environmental components  Innate Response: As a response to nutritional deficiency

5. Direct Ingestion Cont. Problems associated with Geophagia  Association with mental health disorder  Balancing habitual response  Increased exposure to toxins

6. Microbe Effects on Earth Material Surface soils provide a means for food production Plant nutrition is the result of balanced earth characteristics  Free living microbes in rhizosphere  Symbiotic associations between rhizobia and mycorhizal fungi  Suppression of pathogens

7. Microbe Effects cont. Human health and Soil-Bourne pathogens  Pathogenic organisms in soil can infect crops  Antibiotic take up by plants affects human health too  Adherence of pathogens to unwashed products most common

8. Microbe Effects cont. Helminthes (Worms)  Roundworms*  Flatworms  Tapeworms Most commonly ingested in developing countries and in southeastern Further causing anemia, vitamin deficiency's & GI blocks

9. Trace Elements & Metals in Earth Material Toxic and beneficial trace elements present in soil  Soil parent mineral  Atmospheric deposition of natural materials (Ash)  Anthropogenic inputs Trace element conc. in soil Varies  pH 6-8 increases absorption of many minerals (Ag, Au, Cr and F)  Increases conc. of other elements may not effect animal health

10. Trace Elements & Metals in Earth Material

11. Bioaccumulation of Trace Toxic Metals Cadmium  Result from crops growing in soils high in cadmium content  Occupational exposure  Exposure through domestic items (Plastic, batteries and metal coating) Disease in humans occurs mainly through long term consumption of contaminated rice resulting in proximal tubular dysfunction Japan: Mining and smelting resulted in contamination of rice paddy soils *Individuals in this area were consuming 600mg/day

12. Bioaccumulation cont. Selenium  A protective factor?  Ecological studies have found an inverse correlation between selenium levels in soil and mortality from cancers (Specifically prostate)  Study: Men taking selenium supplements for a period of 5 years= 65% reduction incidence of prostate cancer  9 year follow up found no correlation between base selenium levels and prostate cancer  Most studies looked into relationship between selenium supplementation and cancer risk, none have focused on relationship between low- selenium bioavailability and cancer risk

13. Bioaccumulation cont. Zinc  Found in red meat, poultry, grains, dairy, legumes  Critical soil nutrient Zinc as a protective factor?  There is evidence that zinc inhibits replication of prostate cancer cell growth  Cancer cells (from prostate tumors) lose their ability to amass zinc Reduced red meat consumption and increased cereals in diet may attribute to zinc deficiency

14. Conclusion There is much research and collaboration opportunity! High priority research should focus on the following: 1.Determine the influence of biogeochemical cycling of trace elements in soil and its critical relationship to low dose chronic exposure through food and the influence on human health. 2.Determining distribution, survival and transfer of human and plant pathogens through soil 3.Improve public understanding of the relationship between disease and metal speciation (and that of disease and non- metal interaction)

15. References National Research Council, 2007, Chapter 5- “What we Eat”