2. WORLD WAR I I.Causes II.Warfare III.Propaganda IV.Consequences

3. OA 1 1.What do you know about WWI? 2.WWI was called the “Great War” and the “War to end all wars.” Why do you think it was called those things?

4. I. CAUSES OF WWI What were the causes of WWI? What triggered the war?

5. Causes/Factors leading to WWI: ■ Militarism – Glorifying power and keeping an army prepared for war was the goal of several European nations. ■ Alliances – a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations ◆ Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy ◆ Triple Entente: England, France, Russia ■ Imperialism – Political and Economic control over foreign territory. ■ Nationalism – Feeling of strong pride for one’s country.

6. 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 Total Defense Expenditures (spending) for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

7. The Allied powers (blue) surround The Central powers (red), illustrating the two front war that would have to be fought.

10. The Balkans The Balkans who held Slavic territories that including Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia. These territories were under the control of Austria Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (non- slavic empires) They wanted independence from these empires

11. Archduke Franz Ferdinand Of Austria (Heir to the throne) Archduke Franz Ferdinand Of Austria (Heir to the throne)

12. The Assassination at Sarajevo, Bosnia

13. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, boarding the car in which they would be assassinated. The bodies of the Arch- duke and his wife lay in state.

14. The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Serbian terrorist Gavrilo Princip Serbian terrorist

15. The Trigger of War: Spring July 28 th 1914 ■ Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian national. ■ Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia ■ The young country of Serbia had been promised protection by Russia! ■ Germany declares war on Russia to protect its ally Austria-Hungary ■ France joins the war due to their alliance with Russia (to fight Germans) ■ Germany declares war on France

17. OA 2 1.What were the causes of WWI? 2.What triggered the war?

18. European Nations take sides: Summer 1914 ■ The Central Powers – Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Italy decided not to fight with it’s allies) ■ The Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia, (United States, Japan, Italy, Belgium, and Serbia would join later)

19. The Allied powers (blue) surround The Central powers (red), illustrating the two front war that would have to be fought.

20. The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s plan to invade France through Belgium Fails

22. German Atrocities in Belgium

23. Fighting a World War ■ The Central Powers tried to move quickly, but were pushed back by the Allies outside of Paris. ◆ The Schliefflen Plan (fails) ◆ Great Britain joins the war to stop Germany ■ The Central Powers found themselves fighting a “two-front” war, a Western Front and an Eastern Front

24. II. Warfare 1.How did new technology affect the warfare? 2.What was trench warfare and No Man’s land? 3.Why was WWI called the war of attrition?

25. New Techniques of Warfare ■ New weapons such as the machine gun, poison gas, and the tank made this war look like no other. ■ Trenches were dug to protect soldiers from these terrible new weapons. ■ A No man’s land was created between trenches of enemy countries. Little land was won or lost during this trench warfare.

26. Poison Gas Machine Gun

27. Barbed Wire

28. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun Heavy artillery

29. U-Boats

30. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

31. The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

34. A Multi-Front War

35. The Western Front

36. Western Front Trench Warfare

37. “No Man’s Land” area of land between two enemy trench systems

38. Stalemate Deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other. Battle lines remained unchanged

39. Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties. German offensive. Each side had 500,000 casualties.

40. The Somme – July, 1916

41. Sacrifices in War

42. French Renault Tank

43. British Tank at Ypres

44. Total War – Using all of a country’s human, economic, and political resources to win. Human Example: Conscription – “The Draft” Economic Example: Rationing – using less food and materials at home Blockades: British Navy and German U- Boats prevent supplies from reaching the enemy. Thousands of civilians die due to starvation.

45. OA 4 1.What new weapons and technologies were used in WWI? 2.How did these new technology affect the warfare? 3.What was trench warfare and No Man’s land?

46. III. Propaganda

47. Propaganda – spreading ideas to support a cause or damage an opposing cause Examples – Censored or exaggerated stories, pro-war posters

55. IV. End of the War / Consequences What ended the War? What was the Treaty of Versailles? What did the treaty do to Germany? What were the consequences of the War?

56. War fatigue 1. Britain – bankrupt 2. Germany – enlisting 15 yr. olds 3. France – soldiers refuse to fight anymore 4. Russia – drops out in 1917

57. The United States gets closer to entering the war ■ America’s neutrality ◆ Assisting the allied war effort ◆ Supplied them with weapons ◆ Created propaganda against the central powers

58. 1. The Sinking of the Lusitania

59. Zimmerman Telegram “We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal or alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory”

60. 2. The Zimmerman Telegram ■ The Zimmerman telegram was intercepted by Great Britain on it’s way from Germany to Mexico. ■ Germany asked Mexico to help fight the Americans. In return they promised to award them with Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona ■ Americans were outraged. The U.S. declared war on Germany and it’s allies on April 2 nd, 1917.

61. A Short Road Lies Ahead ■ U.S. joins the Allies - 1917 ■ Russia pulls out ◆ Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ■ The Kaiser steps down ■ The Armistice to end World War I was signed on November 11 th, 1918. ◆ Railway car outside of Paris ◆ The Big Four meet

62. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

63. Woodrow Wilson of United States, Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of Italy The Big Four

64. Wilson’s pitch to Congress President Wilson had a plan for post-war Europe called the Fourteen Points. Five main ideas were central to the plan working. ■ Ignored by British and the French 1. No secret treaties or allies 2. Freedom of the Seas 3. Free Trade 4. Disarmament 5. Self-determination 6. League of Nations

65. Treaty of Versailles

66. The Treaty of Versailles 1. Punish Germany! ◆ War Guilt Clause – Blamed the War on Germany ◆ War Reparations – Payment for damages of war ◆ Territory Clause -- Colonies given to France, Britain German land to Poland, France, Czech. ◆ Demilitarization – Limited military

67. The Treaty of Versailles 2. League of Nations ◆ International Organization ◆ Fight against aggressive nations ◆ Collective Security 3. New independent countries are established ◆ Poland, Czechoslovakia

68. OA ■" The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.“ 1. Explain the text? 2. Where do you think this text is from? OA

69. ■“All day and through the watches of the night, they are digging, digging, digging. And with this purpose: that as they cannot get at each other without the deadly devastation of the frontal attack — our soldiers CAN shoot! — the two sides — and especially the Germans — are trying to get at each other underground.- It is, as it were, a war between moles, not between men.” 3. What is the writer describing? Explain your answer

70. The Legacy of the War ■ Millions of casualties ■ The war cost $338 billion. ■ Germany was humiliated ■ Japan & Italy felt cheated (entered war to get European colonies in Asia & Africa)…. would we ever hear from them again?

71. 1. Millions of Casualties

72. MobilizedDeadWoundedMissing/PoW Russia12,000,0001,700,0004,950,0002,500,000 Germany11,000,0001,773,7004,216,0581,152,800 Great Britain8,904,467908,3712,090,212191,652 France8,410,0001,375,8004,266,000537,000 Austria-Hungary7,800,0001,200,0003,620,0002,200,000 Italy5,615,000650,000947,000600,000 US4,355,000126,000234,3004,526 Turkey2,850,000325,000400,000250,000 Bulgaria1,200,00087,500152,39027,029 Japan800,0003009073 Rumania750,000335,706120,00080,000 Serbia707,34345,000133,148152,958 Belgium267,00013,71644,68634,659 Greece230,0005,00021,0001,000 Portugal100,0007,22213,75112,318 Montenegro50,0003,00010,0007,000

73. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

74. Fear of revolt from the Armenians Genocide -- systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group

75. Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 19141922 Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197,000500 Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

76. Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points – goals for peace ■No secret treaties ■Freedom of the Seas ■Free Trade ■Disarmament ■Self- determination ■League of Nations

77. Treaty of Versailles

78. 2. Treaty of Versailles Germany was blamed for the war ◆ War Guilt Clause ♦Kaiser was forced to abdicate ◆ War Reparations ◆ Germany lost all of its colonies and territories ♦France was given land back from Germany – Alsace Lorraine/Rhineland (buffer zone) ◆ Limited Military

79. 3. League of Nations ■International Organization ◆ Fight against aggressive nations ◆ Collective Security ◆ U.S. does not join ♦US Congress votes against joining

80. 4. Fall of the Empires and creation of new ones ■Germany ■Austria Hungary ■Ottoman Empire ■Russian Empire

83. OA 5 1.What helped the Allies win the War? 2.What did Germany have to do because of the Treaty of Versailles? Do you think it was fair? 3.What were some consequences of the War?

84. Map Activity Pg 373 Europe 1920 ■Label and color each of the countries ■Compare this map with the previous ■What differences do you see?