1. The Middle Ages Decline of Roman Empire- Germanic Barbarians took over
and everything fell apart

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Europe in the 6c

4. Middle Ages
Had roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholic Church, Germanic customs Y?
Trade decreased, less $$
Downfall of cities– went to villages
Population went from city to Rural (country)
Decline of Learning
Loss of common language- different dialects

5. “Clovis” (NC) Who: Warrior king of the Franks
What: conquered part of the Roman Empire & established the Frank kingdom; converted to Christianity
Where: France, Western Europe
When: 496 CE
Why: his Frank kingdom replaced the great Roman Empire; his kingdom became what is today France

6. “Medieval” (NC) Who: Germanic tribes
What: from the latin words for “Middle Age”; time period after Roman Empire
Where: Western Europe
When:
Why: culture blended Greco-Roman, Germanic, & Christian traditions to make a new civilization

7. “Franks” Who: Germanic People, Clovis
What: group of people that conquered parts of the Roman Empire
Where: Gaul (France & Switzerland today)
When: 511
Why: The leader Clovis converted to Christianity & united all the Franks = made them all Christian; their area & customs eventually became France

8. “Charles Martel” (NC) Who: leader of Frankish warriors
What: won the Battle of Tours & stopped Muslims from entering Europe
Where: Gaul, France, Western Europe
When: 732
Why: he pushed the Muslims back, out of Europe, which showed God was on the Christians’ side= WE stays Christian

9. “Battle of Tours” (NC)
Who: Charles Martel, Frankish warriors vs. Muslim
What: a battle between Muslims & Christians over control of Europe
Where: Gaul, France, WE
When: 732
Why: the Christians pushed the Muslims back= Muslims did not conquer France; made WE Christian

10. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

11. Charlemagne’s Empire

12. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

13. Charlemagne
Who: Charles the Great; grandson of Charles Martel; ruler of Franks
What: built an empire reaching across France, Germany, & Italy
Where: France, WE
When: 768-
Why… on the next slide…

14. Built an empire greater than any known since Rome (Holy Roman Empire); created unified Christian Europe
He was crowned HRE by the pope = Pope had more power than a king… will be a prob for a LONG time…
Furthered the blending of Germanic, Christian, & Roman traditions
Set up strong, efficient gov’ts- ex for ppl after him
His death = break up of power & lands = feudalism & diff. countries in Europe

15. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

16. The Carolingian Renaissance

17. European Feudalism
Section 2

18. Feudalism Who: lords, vassals, kings (Europeans)
What: decentralized political & economic structure in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: serve as protection against invaders; system of mutual obligations b/n lords & vassals

19. Vassal Who: lesser lords
What: pledged service & loyalty to the greater lord in exchange for protection
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: his service was important to making the new gov’t & econ system (Feudalism) work

20. Feudal Contract Who: lords & vassals
What: a pledge of an exchange of land & loyalty for protection
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: the Lord grants “fief” to vassal for protection; the vassal pledges his loyalty to lord & promises military service

21. Fief Who: Lords & Vassals
What: estate (land) that is granted to the vassal in exchange for his loyalty
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: the Vassal would receive land with peasants(serfs) to work it-this exchange was an important part of the Feudal contract

22. Feudalism- Main Ideas: (for worksheet)
Feudalism- a new govt/econ system focused on protection develops
Feudal contract promised exchange of land (fief) for loyalty (mutual obligations)
Society was structured with king, lord, vassal, serf- relationships were complex- loyalties were confused

23. Knight Who: mounted warriors
What: fought for lords in battle in return for land (fief)
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: serf boys sent away to 7, fought in battles for the lord= the protection that Feudal system was based on= without the knight- no protection

24. Tournaments Who: knights What: mock (fake) battles Where: WE
When: MA
Why: this served as entertainment for society; practice for the knights for real battle

25. Manor Who: Lords & peasants (serfs)
What: Lord’s estate, villages & surrounding lands
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: most imp thing to Feudal econ; peasants worked on the manor in return for protection from the lord; Self-sufficient

26. Serfs
Who: Peasants
What: not slaves, but bound to lord’s land & couldn’t leave; worked the lord’s land
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: worked the land- w/o them the Feudal econ wouldn’t have existed; hard life, disease & hunger = most died by 35; limited diet

27. The Manor- main ideas (for worksheet)
Manor was the lord’s estate, worked by the serf for protection- most imp part of Feudal economy
Peasants worked the land for the lord, in return they got protection & housing from the lord
Self-sufficient- produced everything they needed, didn’t need others
Serfs- hard life, died by 35, limited diet

28. Feudalism
What: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service- governed Europe during Middle Ages

29. Pyramid social structure

30. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

31. Parts of a Medieval Castle

33. The Medieval Manor

34. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

36. Village Church Peasant Home
Village Bakery
Village Church
Peasant Home

37. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

38. The Power of the Church
Section 3

39. The Power of the Church Weak political gov’ts around Europe
Center of everyone’s lives in Middle Ages (remember the picture- center of the village)
Religion: Christianity

40. Structure of the church
Hierarchy of Clergy- just like Feudalism
Clergy: religious officials
Pope
Bishop
Priest
Nuns/Monks

41. (Clergy) Why?
Served as the unifying force among the people in M.A.– brought people together
Served as the main contact with the Church and God– aka Salvation
Administered Sacraments (important Religious ceremonies/rites)
Ex: Baptism, Marriage, Communion

42. Sacraments Who: Priests & Christians
What: the sacred rights of the church
Where: WE
When: Middle Ages,
Why: Christians thought by taking sacraments it would lead them to salvation after death, these guided ppl to be moral (ex. Baptism, marriage, becoming priest)

43. Benedictine Rule Who: Monks & nuns
What: rules that regulated the monastic lives of Monks & nuns
Where: monasteries & convents across WE
When:
Why: they took vows of obedience, poverty, purity; this told them when/what to do

44. Main Idea:
The church dominated Medieval life- the people of WE converted to Christianity & anyone who didn’t belong to the church = suspicious
Role of the Parish Priest: the priest (in charge of local church) practiced Christian rituals & helped put the rituals into everyday life

45. Main ideas:
The importance of village church: The church was a social center & largest building in the village; supported by tithes, or tax
Rise of Cathedrals: Bishops manages Cathedrals (larger church);
Church taught ppl men & women were =; In society, women viewed as weak; the church tried to protect women but would punish women more harshly

46. Main ideas:
Monasteries & Convents: Benedict organized a monastery & developed Benedictine Rule- regulated monks’ lives
Service & Scholarship: Monasteries provided health & education; kept learning alive; didn’t like women to learn
Church’s role in society:

47. Secular Who: W. Europeans
What: a worldly force in Medieval Europe; non-religious (ex. Kings, emperor)
Where: WE
When:
Why: the church was so powerful that it even controlled the Secular life (i.e. Pope was in charge of secular leaders-kings)

48. Papal Supremacy
Who: Medieval popes What: the Pope had authority of all people (Kings & Emperors included) Where: WE When: Why: the Pope was viewed as a representative of God here on earth; he was higher than anyone else= Pope was #1

49. Main Idea:
The church was the most important thing in life during Middle Ages= Pope was the most important and powerful person

50. Canon Law Who: Christians
What: the church’s body of laws based on religious teachings that Christians had to follow
Where: WE
When:
Why: governed many aspects of life- wills, marriages, & morals; if you broke these rules- you’d be punished

51. Excommunication Who: Christians
What: a punishment Christians received for breaking Canon law- kicked out of the church
Where: WE
When:
Why: most severe of punishment- you could not receive sacraments or Christian burial = condemned to hell for eternity

52. Interdict Who: powerful noble, Christian
What: a punishment for not obeying Canon law- an order excluding a noble’s entire land/region from the church
Where: WE
When:
Why: if the noble received this- his people couldn’t get sacraments or Christian burial =revolts!

53. Main idea:
Religious authority: Christian church dedicated to God- anyone who broke Canon law = punishment such as excommunication or interdict
Corruption & Reform: Christians left land & wealth to monasteries – Clergy took this wealth = corrupt = started breaking rules (getting married) = reform

54. Friars
Who: Monks
What: Monks that did not live in isolated monasteries, they traveled through Europe preaching to the poor
Where: WE
When:
Why: they had an impact on religion in WE- converted the poor ppl to Christianity = Christianity became most popular

55. St. Francis of Assisi Who: wealthy Italian monk
What: founded the 1st order of Friars called the Fransiscans
Where: WE
When:
Why: devoted himself to preaching the Gospels & teaching through his examples of good works; preached poverty, humility, & love of God

56. Economy in Middle Ages
Section 4

57. Main ideas: I. An Agricultural Revolution
A. new technologies allowed farmers to grow more crops
B. New farming methods = More land was used = more food = more people
II. The Revival of Trade & Travel
A. Europe’s pop grew= they wanted more stuff= trade expanded to other countries = went to Asia= got new goods they’d never seen before
B. More trade led to the development of towns & cities

58. Charter Who: Merchants, local lords, kings
What: a written document that set out the rights & privileges of ppl in the town
Where: WE
When:
Why: merchants paid the lord a large sum of $, a yearly fee, or both in return for protection of the merchants’ property; these charters protected the rights of the ppl in the town

59. Partnerships Who: merchants
What: merchants that joined together into a partnership where they owned a “business” together
Where: WE
When:
Why: they pulled their funds together to finance a large-scale business that would cost too much individually- this provided insurance to the merchant & helped reduce the risk of going into business

60. Tenant Farmer Who: peasants
What: a peasant who rents land (pays $) to the lord for land
Where: WE
When:
Why: they would sell farm products to the townspeople to give $$ to the lord for land instead of labor = the lords could buy nice things = trade & economy flourishes

61. Main idea: III. A Commercial Revolution
A. The changing economic needs (to protect the merchants’ businesses) led to a new way of doing business- i.e partnership = insurance
B. The Commercial revolution changed the economy b.c. lords wanted luxuries & got $$ from tenant famers to buy them- tenant famers were now making $

62. Middle Class Who: merchants, traders, & artisans
What: a new social class that was in b/n nobles (top) and the peasants (bottom)
Where: WE
When:
Why: this changed the social order b.c Merchants, traders, artisans become more powerful than peasants = new social class

63. Guilds
Who: merchants
What: an association or group of workers in one similar occupation
Where: WE
When:
Why: these dominated town life, passed laws, protected economic interests of the workers by: protecting the quality of goods, regulated the hours of labor, & set prices

64. Apprentice Who: children
What: a trainee to a guild master that learned a trade
Where: WE
When:
Why: the guild master paid no wages but gave food &housing in exchange for learning the trade; would eventually bcome journeymen

65. Journeymen
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Why:

66. Monasteries Who: European Christians
What: religious communities where Monks lived; Nuns lived in convents
Where: Europe
When: Middle Ages
Why:
1) were Europe’s best educated communities: schools, libraries, copied

67. A Medieval Monk’s Day

68. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

69. Illuminated Manuscripts

70. Canon Law
Who:
What: system of justice- The law of the Church for matters such as marriage & religious practices
Where:
When:
Why: If you didn’t obey Canon Law, you would be excommunicated or not allowed to take Sacraments = Hell!!!

71. Power: Pope or King? The Pope had #1 power on earth..
Kings thought they were from God & should have the #1 power…
= struggle… Who has the #1 power?
Examples:
Charlemagne
Otto

72. (Power struggle contd)
The Church resented Kings/nobles having power over the church..
The Pope BANS Lay Investiture…
Irritates King, so King says: “Step down!”
Pope Excommunicates King Henry
= The Pope has more power!

73. Lay Investiture Who: European Kings & the Pope
What: Kings & nobles appointed church officials
Where: _(you should know these by now…)_____
When: __________
Why: Kings had power over the church = the Church/Pope gets mad = Pope BANS Lay Investiture= King & Pope fight

74. Concordat of Worms Who: Pope & Kings
What: agreement b.n Pope & Kings that
Where: Worms, Germany
When: 1122 CE (Middle Ages)
Why:

75. DON’T FORGET to do these cards that aren’t here…
Carolingian Dynasty
Lord
Fief
Vassal
Knights
Serf
Manor
Chivalry

76. The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat.
curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

77. Romanesque Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.