2. Dr David Healy Professor John Sodeau Dr Stig Hellebust Dr Daniela Iacopino Professor Paul Kaye Dr Warren Stanley EPA (Ireland) for funding (STRIVE-CCRP)

3. Where are they? What are they?

4. Bacteria, fungal spores, viruses, algae, plant and animal fragments, and pollen are the most common classifications of biological PM. Classes of PBAP POLLEN BACTERIA VIRUSES FUNGAL SPORES ALGAE PLANT DEBRIS

5. FUNGAL SPORES, BACTERIA & SUB-POLLEN: CONTRIBUTE 12-22% TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS,OC RESPONSIBLE FOR 4-11% OF TOTAL MASS Approximate chemical composition of URBAN fine Particulate Matter (PM) in the UK

6. FUNGAL SPORES/SUB POLLEN TROPICSURBAN 4-26% OC2-14 % OC 1-18% TOTAL PM 10 1-7% TOTAL PM 10 Vienna Jianfengling Mountain

7. POLLEN / LARGE SPORES

8. POLLEN

9. Where are they? There must be another way?

10. Fluorescence Properties of PBAP PBAP are known to fluoresce because they contain intrinsic bio-fluorophores such as Trytophan, NADH and the Flavinoids.

11. Chlorophyll B peaks

13. Single particle analysis.  Bio-particle detection and discrimination based on fluorescence. ( PBAP v Chemicals) Excitation occurs at 280nm and 370nm.  Fluorescence captured at (300-400 & 420- 650nm) 635 nm diode laser  Determination of size and shape (Af values) Time-resolution of secs-msecs

14. Side scatter 54 ° -126 ° Forward scatter 6 ° -25 ° Xe2 (370nm) Xe1 (280nm) Diode Laser 635nm Beam dump Aerosol in FL2 (~420-650nm) FL1 (~300- 400nm) Copyright: Dr W Stanley Wide-Issue Bioaerosol Sensor

15. Weather Station The canopy in the stand is strongly dominated by: Taxus baccata (Yew). Along with Corylus avellana (common Hazel) IIex aquifolium (European Holly), Fraxinus excelsior (Ash). The ground of this wood is generally covered by an extensive bryophyte carpet and is species-poor in terms of vascular plants. 60 acres of “pure” Yew woodland known as Reenadinna SporeWatch WIBS 4

16. 3. Two big events: large (>20  m) on 28/02 and small particles on 01/03 (identified as dust from construction – excluded from further analysis) 2. Nothing observed at night-time (<3  m) 1. Large particles (>20  m) peak mid- day

17. By thresholds – 5 filters: Fluorescence channels (300-400nm) and (420-650nm) Size range, e.g. > 20  m By asymmetry, e.g. spherical or rod-like Fluorescence ratios, normalised to size and Af value Example: Dust particles are large but non- fluorescent; oil droplets fluorescent but small Then multivariate analysis, e.g. PCA

18. N F (cm -3 ) “Pollen” events POLLEN EVENTS 1 and 2

19. Pollen EventDateStart timeFinish time No. 127/02/201010:58.1217:55.54 Pollen event No.1.......is mainly YEW pollen with some Hazel WIBS 4 SporeWatch 2 hour resolution Seconds resolution 11.00 18.00

20. Pollen EventDateStart timeFinish time No. 228/02/201011:44.4916:26.55 Pollen event No.2.......is mainly YEW pollen WIBS 4 SporeWatch 2 hour resolution Seconds resolution 11.45 16.30

21. SizeAFTOFFL1_280FL2_280FL2_370 Mean26.7018.758.75973.172044.731954.31 Median26.8517.578.75892.002077.001967.00 Mode30.5519.868.942116.002077.001967.00 Standard Deviation2.607.950.67398.42141.47109.98 Sample Variance6.7863.180.45158741.3320012.8912096.67 Kurtosis-0.320.522.010.3550.59169.67 Skewness-0.360.65-0.340.73-6.36-12.27 Range11.9448.275.562094.001706.001713.00 Minimum18.611.015.4622.00371.00254.00 Maximum30.5549.2711.022116.002077.001967.00 Count582

22. In Literature Yew Pollen is described as spherical and is seen to be on average 27µm in diameter.

23. WIBS 4 indicates that Yew pollen have a mean size of 27 μm and an Af value of 20 measured in-flight. Number concentrations varied in the range between 4.70× 10 -3 and 0.9 cm -3 for particles between 3-31 μm Yew pollen went to flight as soon as atmospheric pressure rose to above 995 Mb, air temperature went over 8 °C, and humidity decreased to less than 70% during the campaign.