1. IMMUNE SYSTEM & DISEASE A Brief Introduction

2. What Is Your Immune System?  AAAACHHOOO!! Your friend has a terrible cold, and he sneezes right next to you without covering his mouth.  Not only is this gross, it sprays millions of cold viruses into the air around you.  Luckily, you don’t get sick. Why not?

3. Your Immune System  Our bodies have an amazing internal defence mechanism called the __________ ___________ which protects you from bacteria and viruses that can lead to illness.  A healthy immune system produces a variety of ___________ _______ to attack the invading bacteria and viruses

4. Your Immune System  Your blood contains many different types of ______  ______ blood cells carry ________ to all the parts of your body  ________ blood cells, known as ____________ (________________), make up the immune system portion of the blood.

5. Your Clever Immune System  How does your immune system know which cells to attack and which cells are part of your own body?  Your immune system can recognize cells based on the ________ present on the surface of ______.  Viruses, bacteria, and other foreign cells are recognized as being different from your own cells and are _________ by your immune system.

6. However.....  Sometimes, one of your own cells changes, or _________, giving the cell the ability to _________ continuously.  Such mutations often are the cause of ______  Your immune system has the ability to recognize mutated cells and attack them before they can grow into a tumor.

7. But It’s Not Foolproof....  Not only can certain viruses outwit your immune system's defences, but __________ _____________ can result in an ineffective immune system.  If enough cells are _________, the immune system no longer functions and the person becomes susceptible to many different diseases.

8. Disease  Illness or sickness often characterized by typical patient problems (________) and physical findings (______).  Diabetes, cancer, genetic diseases, immune system diseases, etc.

9. Antibiotics  Antibiotics inhibit and prevent the ________ of bacteria  Antibiotics DO NOT affect viruses, fungi or other microbes

10. Antibiotics  Antibiotics that destroy bacteria are termed ______________ (“bacteria killing”)  Antibiotics that prevent bacteria from multiplying are termed ____________ (“bacterial inhibiting”)  Type of __________ dictates what type to use!

11. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics  Prevent ______ _______formation during cell division of gram positive bacteria  ___________ destroys the bacterial cell wall making the bacterium very susceptible to ___________.  Erythromycin and tetracycline disrupts bacterial _______ ___________ by binding to their ribosomes and inhibiting translocation

12. Antibiotics  Once, there were only natural products: a) Penicillin came from the ________ genus Penicillium b) Streptomycin came from the ________ genus Streptomyces

13. Antibiotics  Now, many can be _____________ ____________ with all the advances in organic chemistry  Example: sulfa drugs were the first synthetic drugs with widespread antibiotic activity to be put into clinical use in the 1930s

14. Antibiotics  _____ antibiotics are ingested e.g.- For strep throat, urinary tract infection  ___________ antibiotics are used in more serious cases e.g.- For deep infections of body systems like infection after surgery, sepsis, flesh eating disease (necrotizing fasciitis)

15. Antibiotics  __________ antibiotics are placed on the skin  Eye drops for pink eye or ointment for a skin infection

16. Antibiotic Resistance  Occurs when bacteria in your body change so that antibiotics don't work effectively to fight them anymore  Can happen when bacteria are repeatedly exposed to the same _____________ or when bacteria are left in your body after you have been taking an antibiotic (such as when someone does not take the full course of their antibiotic medicine)  These bacteria can multiply and become strong enough to _______ the antibiotic in the future.

17. Interesting to Know...  Links have also been made between giving drugs to animals and the development of resistance in _________  Drugs are often given to ________________ animals to treat and prevent infections in the agri-food industry and to promote growth  In the U.S., _______ of antibiotic use is in farm animals in the absence of disease!!  There are many organizations and 2 federal U.S. Bills which are trying to _______ antibiotic use in food animal production

18. Farm Animals & Antibiotic Resistance  Products are also sprayed on _____ _______ to prevent or control disease  These can then be transferred to ________ in meat, milk, fruit or drinking water, adding to the resistance problem  An example of this is drug-resistant ____________, which can be transferred from animals to humans through the food chain

19. Antibiotic Resistance

20. The Result?  Misuse and resistance causes low cost antibiotics to be _________ - meaning we must use more expensive and newer compounds  The fear is that eventually we will not be able to keep up with the race to create new antibiotics for __________ infections  Is research into ________________ for use as antibiotics; appear to be several types of bacteriophages that are specific for each bacterial taxonomic group species