Chapter 4 Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt.

Chapter 4 Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt

History of Fingerprints
Chapter 4 History of Fingerprints Chinese records from the BC included details about using handprints as evidence during burglary investigations. Chinese clay seals bearing friction ridges Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Chapter 4 Objectives, continued You will be able to: Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. Obtain an inked, readable fingerprint for each finger. Recognize the general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches). Identify friction ridge characteristics and compare two fingerprints with at least ten points of identification. Explain the differences among latent, plastic, and visible fingerprints. Develop latent prints (make them visible) using physical and chemical methods. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Objectives You will understand: Why fingerprints are individual evidence. Why there may be no fingerprint evidence at a crime scene. How computers have made personal identification easier. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints
Chapter 4 Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints What is a fingerprint? An imprint made by the ridge patterns on the tip or last joint of a person’s finger. What is the purpose of ridge patterns? Provides a better grip Makes perspiration easier on hairless surface Improves the sense of touch (heightened sensitivity) Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Properties that make fingerprints useful for identification
Chapter 4 Properties that make fingerprints useful for identification A fingerprint is an individual because it has unique characteristic ridges. A fingerprint remains unchanged during an individual’s lifetime. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Anatomy of fingerprints
Chapter 4 Anatomy of fingerprints Fingerprints consist of ridges and grooves Fingerprints are unique because the patterns made by friction ridges are not genetically controlled. Any attempts to chemically or physically erase the epidermal layer of fingerprints will only result in pain because the original layer will soon grow back. Initially fingerprints consist mostly of water, but after evaporation what is left behind is made up of salt and organic matter such as amino acids, lipids and vitamins. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints
Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification. He was the first person to use fingerprints to solve a crime Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls. He showed that a person’s fingerprint remained the same from birth until death, no two fingerprints are the same, and that fingerprints cannot be altered. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint file (database) based on Galton’s system Mark Twain (Samuel L Clemens) In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification. In a later book, "Pudd'n Head Wilson", there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprint identification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 Coulier Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming explains how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions and mentions the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying glass. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Recording and classifying prints Recording-Rolling inked prints classification-Loops, whorls, arches, ridge characteristics Henry Classification- Primary identification number Lifting prints Black, white, and fluorescent powder Chemicals—ninhydrin, iodine, silver nitrate, cyanoacrylate Other types of prints Palm, lip, teeth, eye, ear, voice, shoeprints, and footprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Ridge Characteristics
Chapter 4 Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Fingerprint Minutiae Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Arch Least common and simplest type of fingerprint. An arch has friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising upward in the middle. They do NOT have type lines, deltas, or cores. Types Plain Tented Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 A loop must have one or more ridges entering and exiting from the same side. Loops must have one delta (triangular area). Loops also have a core near the center of the pattern Types Radial—opens toward the thumb Ulnar—opens toward the “pinky” (little finger) Which type of loop is this, if it is on the right hand? Left hand? Without knowing which hand made the print one cannot determine if it is ulnar or radial (ulnar loops are more common) Loop Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Whorl Whorls have at least two deltas and a core A plain or central pocket whorl has at least one ridge that makes a complete circuit. A double loop is made of two loops. An accidental is a pattern not covered by other categories.. Types Plain Central pocket Double loop Accidental Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Types of Whorl Plain Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Primary Classification
Chapter 4 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Primary Classification, continued
Chapter 4 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring + 1 That number is your primary classification number. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints There are no legal requirements in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept 8 to 12 points of similarity. Comparison Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Latent Prints Latent fingerprints are those that are not visible to the naked eye. These prints consist of the natural secretions of human skin and require development for them to become visible. Most secretions come from three glands: Eccrine—secretes largely water, with both inorganic (ammonia, chlorides, metal ions, phosphates) and organic (amino acids, lactic acids, urea, sugars) compounds. Most important for fingerprints. Apocrine—secretes pheromones and other organic materials. Sebaceous—secretes fatty or greasy substances. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Developing Latent Prints
Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints Developing a print requires substances that interact with secretions, causing the print to stand out against its background. It may be necessary to attempt more than one technique, done in a particular order so as not to destroy the print. Powders—adhere to both water and fatty deposits. Choose a color to contrast with the background. Iodine—fumes react with oils and fats to produce a temporary yellow-brown color. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Developing Latent Prints, continued
Chapter 4 Developing Latent Prints, continued Ninhydrin—reacts with amino acids to produce a purple color. Silver nitrate—reacts with chloride to form silver chloride, a material that turns gray when exposed to light. Cyanoacrylate—“superglue” fumes react with water and other fingerprint constituents to form a hard, whitish deposit. In modern labs and criminal investigations, lasers and alternative light sources are used to view latent fingerprints. These were first used by the FBI in Since lasers can damage the retina of the eye, special precautions must be taken. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Iodine Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Ninhydrin Fingerprint
Chapter 4 Ninhydrin Fingerprint Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints
Chapter 4 Cyanoacrylate Fingerprints Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Other Prints Lips—several common patterns Voice—electronic pulses measured on a spectrograph Foot—size of foot and toes; friction ridges on the foot Shoes—can be compared and identified by type of shoe, brand, size, year of purchase, and wear pattern Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Other Prints, continued
Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Palm—friction ridges can be identified and may be used against suspects Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Footprints are taken at birth as a means of identification of infants. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Earprint catches murderer A man has been convicted of suffocating an eldery woman on the basis of earprint evidence. The assailant was caught after police matched the inprint of his ear on the victim’s window. Police believe that the thief put his ear to the window to listen for signs of anyone home. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued Teeth—bite marks are unique and can be used to identify suspects. These imprints were placed in gum and could be matched to crime scene evidence. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Other Prints, continued The blood vessel patterns in the eye may be unique to individuals. They are used today for various security purposes. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 AFIS The Automated Fingerprint Identification System—a computer system for storing and retrieving fingerprints Established in the 1970s, AFIS enables law enforcement officials to: Search large files for a set of prints taken from an individual Compare a single print, usually a latent print developed from a crime scene By the 1990s, most large jurisdictions had their own system in place. The problem: A person’s fingerprints may be in one AFIS database but not in others. IAFIS—the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System, which is a national database of all 10-print cards from all over the country Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Biometrics Use of some type of body metrics for the purpose of identification. (The Bertillon system may actually have been the first biometry system.) Used today in conjunction with AFIS. Examples include retinal or iris patterns, voice recognition, hand geometry. Other functions for biometrics: can be used to control entry or access to computers or other structures; can identify a person for security purposes; can help prevent identity theft or control social services fraud. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 More about Prints For additional information about prints and crime, check out truTV’s Crime Library: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 William Herschel—required Indians to put their fingerprints on contracts, and used fingerprints as a means of identifying prisoners Henry Faulds—claimed that fingerprints did not change over time and that they could be classified for identification. He was the first person to use fingerprints to solve a crime Alphonse Bertillon—proposed body measurements as a means of identification; termed anthropometry Francis Galton—developed a primary classification scheme based on loops, arches, and whorls. He showed that a person’s fingerprint remained the same from birth until death, no two fingerprints are the same, and that fingerprints cannot be altered. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 Edward Richard Henry—in collaboration with Galton, instituted a numerical classification system Juan Vucetich—developed a fingerprint file (database) based on Galton’s system Mark Twain (Samuel L Clemens) In Mark Twain's book, "Life on the Mississippi", a murderer was identified by the use of fingerprint identification. In a later book, "Pudd'n Head Wilson", there was a dramatic court trial on fingerprint identification. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Dactyloscopy: The Study of Fingerprints History from 1850 to 1900 Coulier Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming explains how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions and mentions the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying glass. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Ridge Characteristics
Chapter 4 Ridge Characteristics Minutiae—characteristics of ridge patterns Ridge ending Island or short ridge Bridge Eye or enclosure Delta Bifurcation or fork Dot Spur Double bifurcation Trifurcation Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Chapter 4 Identify each fingerprint type Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Pre-lab questions What did law enforcement officials rely in the early 1800’s in order to identify known criminals? What pieces of data did Bertillion use in order to create a unique classification/identification for an individual? Which incident rendered the Bertillion system of classification as an unreliable means of uniquely identifying an individual? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Pre-lab questions What allows fingerprints to be a more reliable method of identifying a criminal? What are some other parts of the body that can make distinctive marks that can be used to identify a criminal? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

Post –lab questions Was your data identical to any one else’ in the class? Based on your lab result, would you consider this a reliable method to conclusive identify a criminal? Explain your answer What are two advantages of using this method? What are two disadvantages of using this method? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

BSO response questions
Which layer of skin would you have to cut through to permanently alter your fingerprint? fingerprints that are visible to the naked eyes are known as ___________prints, while those that are hidden are known as ______ prints. What method would be required to process a visible print that was left behind by greasy fingers? Give the name of a famous bank robber who attempted to alter his fingerprints. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

5. What is the criteria for determining the order of the method used to process latent prints? 6. How would you determine what type of powder works best for a given surface? 7. In the case with the check fraud, how was the fingerprint examiner able to identify that the fingerprint being used was a fake? Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

8. Print A (top image) would be classified as: Latent B. patent C. plastic 9. Print B would be classified as: Latent B: Patent C. Plastic Please give a explanation for answer choice. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company

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