1. Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

2. Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-3 Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

3. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.

4. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are passed from one organism to another Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the body, or decomposed. AND from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles. Recycling in the Biosphere

5. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What are the two reasons we need food? 1.Energy. Organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) 2.Build us. Organic compounds contain the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur that make up most of our bodies.

6. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle All living things require water to survive. The Water Cycle

7. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

8. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles How are nutrients important in living systems? Remember the two reasons why you need food (nutrients): --For energy and building materials

9. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

10. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic compundChemical composition (made up of…) ExamplesFunction (job) in living things CARBOHYDRATES C,H,O LIPIDS C,H,O NUCLEIC ACIDS C,H,O,N, P PROTEINS C,H,O,N, S Rembember this chart? Matter is neither created nor destroyed

11. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. Biological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen. Geochemical processes such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

12. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

13. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and proteins! Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N 2 gas. THIS IS UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT… Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes (beans, clover, etc.). They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia (usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.

14. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall THEN… Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins. Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids. Nutrient Cycles

15. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Denitrification Decomposition, excretion NO 3 and NO 2

16. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia. The ammonia may be taken up again by producers. Nutrient Cycles

17. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 17 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. Nutrient Cycles

18. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA. Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

19. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

20. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter (carbohydrates) is created by producers through photosynthesis. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.

21. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. Therefore: lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus LIMIT the growth of plants. If a plant can’t make proteins or nucleic acids it can’t build or run itself. What happens if large amounts of N or P are added? Nutrient Limitation

22. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 22 of 33 So, is adding more nitrogen or phosphorus to the environment a bad thing? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

23. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 23 of 33 Affects of too much of a limiting factor: Good???? Or Bad???? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. 3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 24 of 33 Might be good in the short term, but bad in the long term. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

25. - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3

26. Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Transpiration is part of the a.water cycle. b.carbon cycle. c.nitrogen cycle. d.phosphorus cycle.

27. Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a.carbohydrates. b.carbon dioxide. c.calcium carbonate. d.ammonia.

28. Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a.start as simple organic forms that plants need. b.provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need. c.are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d.are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

29. Slide 29 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a.plants. b.bacteria. c.detritivores. d.animals.

30. Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a.runoff. b.algal death. c.algal bloom. d.less primary productivity.

31. END OF SECTION