1. Unit 10 Implementation and Operation

2. Key Concepts Implementation deliverables Documentation Coding Reuse Testing Installation Training Support Factors for success Maintenance

4. What Is Coding? Translation of physical design specifications into working computer code Coding involves use of programming languages such as Java or Visual Basic Coding often involves reuse and/or modification of existing components and objects eXtreme programming – an intensive coding and testing approach involving two-person teams and customer involvement

5. Reuse The use of previously written software resources, especially objects and components, in new applications Results in great savings of system development time Object-oriented systems are very conducive to reuse.

6. Approaches to Reuse Ad hoc – individual, unplanned reuse Facilitated – reuse informally managed and disseminated by expert guru evangelists Managed – organizationally enforced reuse policies and practices Designed – reusable components developed and maintained in-house Cost and commitment low high

8. What Is Software Application Testing? Manual and automated procedures for validating correctness of program code, including syntactical and execution issues Testing Syntax – grammatical rules applied to programming languages Testing Execution – logic and performance of the software during operation

9. Categorization of Test Types Tests can be manual or automated, and may or may not involve code execution. Without code execution Manual – inspections Automated – syntax checking With code execution Manual – walkthroughs and desk-checking Automated – unit, integration, system, and stub testing

10. Tests Without Program Execution Inspections (manual) Participants examine program code for predictable, language- specific errors Syntax checking (automated) Compiler or interpreter tests source code for grammatical errors while translating to executable format

11. Manual Tests With Program Execution Desk checking trace through the logic of the code, identifying possible logical errors Walkthroughs Like desk-checking, but in a group-oriented, more structured process

12. Code walkthrough is one of many types of structured walkthroughs.

13. Automated Tests With Program Execution Unit tests – a module tested in isolation to discover any errors in its code Integration tests – bringing together all objects and components that a program comprises for testing purposes System tests – testing all programs and applications together to ensure performance and reliability Acceptance tests – user-satisfaction tests

14. A test case is a specific scenario of transactions, queries, or navigation paths that represent a typical, abnormal, or critical use of the system. Allows repeated testing with each application change

15. Acceptance Testing The process whereby actual users test a completed information system, ending with user acceptance of the system Two phases Alpha testing – user testing of a completed information system using simulated data Beta testing – user testing of a completed information system using real data in the real user environment

16. Specific Elements of Alpha Testing Recovery testing – force the software or environment to fail to verify if recovery is performed correctly Security testing – verify that protection mechanisms correctly prevent improper penetration Stress testing – try to break the system (e.g. incomplete database records or overloaded transaction volume) Performance testing – test in a variety of platforms to ensure consistent response times and performance

17. Installation Overview Installation is organizational process of turning over from the old information system to the new one Key concerns include: Conversion of old data to new system Potential of system downtime during installation Ability to rollback if problems occur Training users to new the new system before installation Available support for users of the new system Possible requirement to run old and new systems side-by-side How to keep data synchronized between new and old systems Thorough testing of installation procedures before live deployment

18. Installation Types Types: Direct installation – changing from old to new system by turning off the old system when the new one is turned on Parallel installation – running old and new systems at the same time until management decides to turn off the old one Single location installation – trying the new system at one site before deciding to adopt it across the organization Phased installation – incrementally changing from the old system to the new system by gradually converting functional components

19. Direct – cold turkey, low cost, greater impact of errors Parallel – old and new coexist, minimize error impact, high cost in system resources

20. Single Location – Pilot approach, allows learning and minimizes error impact, lower resource demand than parallel, difficult to coordinate and maintain Phased – Incremental, supports phased system development, minimizes error impact, difficult to coordinate old and new components

22. Types of Documentation System – detailed information about a system’s design specifications, its inner workings, and its functionality User – written or other visual information about an application system, how it works, and how to use it.

23. Types of System Documentation Internal – comments in source code, generated during the coding process or automatically by software compilers or documenters External – outcomes of all structured diagrams, including use cases, design classes, activity and sequence diagrams, etc.

24. User documentation is often in the form of online help… … sometimes with Web connections for more information.

25. What Is Training and Support? Providing on-going educational and problem-solving assistance to information systems users Training and support material and jobs must be designed along with the associated information systems

26. Possible Topics for Training Use of the system General computer concepts Informaiton systems concepts Organizational concepts System management System installation

27. Training methods can be interpersonal, manual, or automated.

28. Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS), like Microsoft Office Assistant, are components of software applications that embed training and information for the user, in the form of tutorials, expert systems, and hyperlink jumps to reference topics.

29. What is System Support? Providing ongoing education and problem solving assistance to information systems users. Support materials and jobs must be designed along with the associated information system.

30. Automated Support Manual support is often too labor-intensive, so when possible automated approaches are used Common methods: Online support forums Bulletin board systems On-demand fax Voice-response systems

31. Help Desks and Information Centers Help desk – a single point of contact for all user inquiries and problems about a particular information system or for all users in a particular department Information center – an organizational unit whose mission is to support users in exploiting information technology

32. Critical Success Factors for Implementation Success Risk management Commitment to project Commitment to change Extent of project definition and planning Realistic user expectations

33. Critical Success Factors for Implementation Success (cont.) Relevance of system for users’ work Ease of use User demographics (e.g. computer savvy) Support of user creativity User satisfaction

34. Maintaining Information Systems Four major activities: 1. Obtaining maintenance requests 2. Transforming requests into changes 3. Designing changes 4. Implementing changes

35. Maintenance is a subset of the activities of the entire development process.

36. What Is System Maintenance? Changes made to a system to fix or enhance its functionality

37. Maintenance Cost Factors Latent defects Number of customers for the system Quality of system documentation Quality of maintenance personnel Availability of automated tools Quality of program code and system design

38. Measures of Maintenance Effectiveness Number of failures Mean time between failures (MTBF) Type of failure

39. Maintenance requests can be frequent. Priorities among requests should be made based on the type and urgency of the request.