1. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography1 A-Level Geography Seminar Central Place Theory: The Theory, its limitations and Applications Dr Jianfa Shen Department of Geography and Resource Management The Chinese University of Hong Kong

2. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 2 Content 1. Concept of urban systems 2. The central place theory 3. Limitations 4. Applications

3. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 3 Urban system in Guangdong (54 cities by total population in 1998)

4. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 4 Concept of settlement * * Settlement: forms of human habitation 2Village 2Town 2City * * Criteria 2Size of population and built-up area, population density 2Employment in secondary and tertiary sectors

5. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 5 Concept of urban systems * * Systems of cities: urban systems * * The law of the primate city * * The rank-size rule * * The central place theory

6. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 6 Central place theory: Basic concepts * Central Places in southern Germany * Developed by Walter Christaller in 1933 “Central Places in southern Germany”. * * It is a deductive theory to explain the number, location, size, spacing and functions of settlements in terms of the services they performed for surrounding hinterlands. * * Central place: a service center, a settlement providing a range of goods and services to the surrounding areas. * * Centrality: the functions or services provided by central place. 2The higher the centrality of a central place is, the more the variety of services and the higher the order of services it provides. * * Hinterlands: the market areas covered by the services of central places that may include smaller central places. 2The higher the centrality of a central place is, the larger the hinterland.

7. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 7 Assumption of idealized landscape * * An uniform transportation surface, the relative accessibility between any two points is a direct function of their distance. * * Population is evenly distributed. * * The goods and services are only provided in central places * * Each point has an equal chance of receiving a central place

8. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 8 Service ranges   Upper limit of the range: 2the maximum distance (r) a consumer will travel to a center to obtain goods, the maximum area to be served from a center will be a circular region of radius r. * * Lower limit of the range: 2the minimum radius (r’) of a circular service area with sufficient population (threshold population) to generate sufficient demands to make the central place economically viable to provide the service. Example: Key maker services

9. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 9 Service ranges * Lower-order service 2Smaller upper limit and lower limit 2Smaller market area 2Low-order center * Higher-order service 2Larger upper limit and lower limit 2Larger market area 2High-order center * The size of market area will be between the lower and upper limits

10. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 10 System based on the marketing principle * * Marketing principle : 2a. There should be a minimum number of central places of all sizes so that trade profits could be maximized; 2b. The whole population of the area should be supplied with all goods and services.

11. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 11 Market areas: Circle or square?

12. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 12 Market areas: Hexagon?

13. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 13 Deriving the highest-order central places * * The upper limit of the highest order services is used to obtain the area for central places ranked ‘B’ to meet marketing principle a ; * * Each central place serves a circular area with radius ‘r’ and the distance between any two central places is 2r; but some areas are not served; * * To meet marketing principle b, a modified structure of overlapping circles is necessary. Assume consumers go to the nearest central place, exclusive regular hexagonal areas are obtained as the service areas for B centers.

14. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 14 Deriving the lower-order central places * * For goods and services with a smaller upper limit of range (e), some areas cannot be served by B centers, thus lower-order K centers are needed; * * To be most competitive with B centers, these K centers will be located in the center of areas not served with maximum distance to all B centers; * * These K centers are also the corners of the hexagonal areas of B centers; * * Each B center service area will cover three K center service areas, this was called k=3 framework.

15. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 15 Central Place Theory K=3 Marketing principle K=4 Transport principle K=7 Administration principle

16. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 16 System based on the transportation principle * * Transportation principle: 2Lower-order centers will develop along the transportation lines linking the higher-order centers. 2K centers will locate in the middle of the transportation link between any two B centers; 2Each B center service area covers four service areas of K centers, this was called k=4 framework.

17. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 17 System based on the administration principle * * Administration principle: 2The service areas of K centers should be COMPLETELY contained by a service area of B center; 2Each B center service area covers 7 service areas of K centers, this is called k=7 framework.

18. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 18 Contributions of central place theory * It defines the ideal pattern of central places and explains why an urban hierarchy may exist in the reality. 2A small number of high-order centers serve large hinterland; 2Many low-order centers serve small hinterland. * It provides a basis for planning the size and spacing of centers in newly-developing areas.

19. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 19 Limitations * * An uniform transportation surface, the relative accessibility between any two points is a direct function of their distance. 2In reality, there are transport routes and natural barriers like rivers and coastal lines. Accessibility is different over space * * Population is evenly distributed. 2In reality, population density is uneven. Other than services, population is also related to manufacturing activities.

20. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 20 Limitations * * Each point has an equal chance of receiving a central place 2Physical conditions, historical legacy and government policy may favour particular locations. 2Above factors will distort the ideal size, location and spacing of central places. * Highest-order center offers all the low-order services 2Some low-order service may not be offered in highest-order center * The centers of the same order will offer same range of services 2The services offered by the centers of the same order may be different

21. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 21 Limitations * Discrete distribution of the size of central places 2Number of central places by order in K=3 system 21, 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, … * Real urban system is the result of SPACIAL PROCESSES and the Physical, Historical conditions and Policies.

22. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 22 Applications * The impact of increased population density or increased income of population 2Consumer expenditure will increase 2Further high-order services will be required 2Increase the potential number of levels of hierarchy 2Increase the degree of functional specialization of the highest-order center

23. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 23 Applications * The impact of improved transportation on central place system 2Population mobility increased 2People are willing to travel longer to obtain services 2Market area of a central place will expand 2Restructuring of central places, some have to be closed.

24. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 24 Case 1: Settlement system in Zhejiang, China

25. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 25 Case 2: Urban system in Hong Kong

26. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 26 Shopping center planning in HK * Metropolitan Centers 2Catchment population: Whole HK and tourists 2Range of goods: consumer durable goods, many banks and commercial services, cinemas, theatres, restaurants, entertainment and social facilities. 2Examples: located at Central, Tsim Sha Tsui and Causeway Bay

27. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 27 Shopping center planning in HK * Regional Centers 2Catchment population: 250,000 to 1,000,000 2Range of goods: department stores/supermarkets, many ancillary services, i.e. banks, restaurants, cinemas, theatres and other social facilities 2Examples: new town centers. Typical centers may range from 50,000 to 250,000 sq.m.

28. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 28 Shopping center planning in HK * District Centers 2Catchment population: 50,000 to 250,000 2Range of goods: limited entertainment and social facilities, but significant concentrations of retail facilities and restaurants 2Examples: medium-scale shopping centers of town-wide or district significance, Wan Chai in the urban area and Kam Tin in NT. Typical centers may range from 10,000 to 50,000 sq.m.

29. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 29 Shopping center planning in HK * Local Centers 2Catchment population: less than 50,000 2Range of goods: small-scale concentrations of shops for local retail services and restaurants, such as in Fung Tak Estate and Tai Yuen Estate. Local centers are less than 10,000 sq.m. * Source: HK Planning Standards and Guidelines, http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/tech_doc/hkpsg/index_e.htm

30. Dr Shen Jianfa CUHK Geography 30 Thank you !