2. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

3. Cultural Nationalism p Education  The “Virtuous Citizen” p An American form of English  Noah Webster: A schoolmaster and lawyer. Argued that students should be educated with a nationalistic American view. Published the American spelling book in 1783. Sold 100 million copies

4. Cultural Nationalism p A well-defined American literature  Washington Irving: He is the first American internationally recognized in Writing. Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Rip Van Whinkle. - American folklore, local legends The Sketch Book, 1819-20 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

5. Cultural Nationalism Religious Movements:  Deism  Second “Great Awakening”

6. Deism rejected original sin of man, believed in a supreme being that Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Often seen as a divine Architect or Clock Maker Deny Christ's divinity –Jeffersonian Bible

7. Second Great Awakening Series of religious REVIVALS swept the United States from the 1790s-1830s Spiritual resurgence fundamentally altered the character of American religion. –At the start of the Revolution the largest denominations were CONGREGATIONALISTS (the 18th-century descendants of Puritan churches), ANGLICANS (known after the Revolution as Episcopalians), and Quakers. –But by 1800, EVANGELICAL METHODISM and BAPTISTS, were becoming the fasting-growing religions in the nation. The Second Great Awakening is best known for its large CAMP MEETINGS that led extraordinary numbers of people to convert through an enthusiastic style of preaching and audience participation.

8. The EVANGELICAL impulse at the heart of the Second Great Awakening shared some of the egalitarian thrust of Revolutionary ideals. –Evangelical churches generally had a populist orientation that favored ordinary people over elites. –Individual piety was seen as more important for salvation than the formal university training required for ministers in traditional Christian churches. (Shift towards a more personal relationship with God… Isn’t that almost exactly what Anne Hutchinson Said…?) Evangelical churches innovative organizational techniques. These were well suited to the frontier conditions of newly settled territories.

9. 2004 Election Headlines Outreach effort and moral values theme pays off for Bush with Hispanics -- Nov. 3, 2004 [FOX News] Election Reinforces USA’s Religious Schism -- Nov. 4, 2004 [USA Today] 'It's a Victory for People Like Us' Bush Emphasis on Values Drew Ohio Evangelicals -- Nov. 5, 2004 [Washington Post]

10. 2004 Election Poll Data Which One Issue Mattered Most in Deciding How You Voted for President? (Check only one)KerryBushNader Taxes Percentage of Electorate: 5 43%57%0% Education Percentage of Electorate: 4 73%26%-- Iraq Percentage of Electorate: 15 73%26%0% Terrorism Percentage of Electorate: 19 14%86%0% Economy/Jobs Percentage of Electorate: 20 80%18%0% Moral Values Percentage of Electorate: 22 18%80%1% Health Care Percentage of Electorate: 8 77%23%--

11. 2004 Election Poll Data Attend Religious Services KerryBushNader More Than Once a Week Percentage of Electorate: 16 35%64%1% Once a Week Percentage of Electorate: 26 41%58%0% A Few Times a Month Percentage of Electorate: 14 49%50%-- A Few Times a Year Percentage of Electorate: 28 54%45%0% Never Percentage of Electorate: 15 62%36%1%

12. The Second “Great Awakening:” Revivalist Meeting

13. Charles G. Finney The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion

14. The “Benevolent Empire” Various protestant denominations developed missionary organizations in order to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation. The movement included a commitment to social reform by wealthy and middle-class urbanites who felt that their duty was to do good deeds for the less fortunate.

15. “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York Label given to Western New York due to intense level of evangelical revelation that swept through the area like wildfire

16. American Bible Society Founded in 1816

17. Economic Nationalism p Encourage Creativity & Inventiveness. p Create a Transportation Infrastructure. p Create a Pro-Business Atmosphere. Jefferson’s Vision of America Hamilton’s Vision of America Role of Govt.

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

19. Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

20. Eli’s Interchangeable Parts

21. First Turnpike Lancaster, PA (1790) By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

22. Cumberland “National Road,” 1811 Authorized on March 29, 1806, by third President Thomas Jefferson. The new "Cumberland Road" would replace the wagon and foot paths of the "Braddock Road" for travel between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers First Nationally funded Road Toll houses/gates were made by the states to take care of their part of road maintenance, the government took care of the rest.

23. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s German contribution to American culture. covered wagon Wagons were waterproof, enabled pioneers to travel farther, and allowed families to travel together and bring more of their possessions.

24. Yankee Clipper Ships American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston Sleek & fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. Unequalled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like china and between the Eastern and Western USA

25. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont Inventor of the steamboat, which as a boat that had a powerful steam engine. These enabled boats to travel upstream on rivers, thus increasing trade while at the same time improving inter and state transportation The Clermont: In 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.

26. Erie Canal System Runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean Cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement Made Buffalo one of the 10 largest cities in the USA at that time, & earned it the nickname “The Queen City.”

27. The Erie Canal, 1820s

31. Gabriel's Rebellion (1800) Gabriel Prosser was a skilled artisan with several advantages over most field-working slaves of his day. Partly due to his skill as a blacksmith, Gabriel was "hired out" to work in many different places and enjoyed more autonomy and mobility than most plantation slaves. –Gabriel was among the broad group of urban workers whose actions played a crucial role causing the American Revolution. As an occupational group, they were among the Revolution's biggest winners. However, as an African American and a slave the benefits of the Revolution were not extended to Gabriel. Apparently, however, Gabriel, and a small group of artisan leaders, expected about 1,000 slaves to follow them in a well- coordinated attack upon Richmond that targeted Federalists and merchants who were the most prominent residents of the city.

32. The assault planned for August 30, 1800, however, never came together due to torrential rain and a traitor from within that warned white authorities of the impending attack Instead, Gabriel's slave conspiracy ended in severe repression. –While no whites were killed in the revolt that never really got started, the state of Virginia executed 27 blacks, including Gabriel, by public hanging. –Whites responded to the planned revolt, and another one linked to it in 1802, by tightening legal restrictions on slaves. For a brief period in the late 18th century white Virginians had modified certain elements of slavery. Many whites began to think that making the system slightly more humane had encouraged black resistance. –As a result some of the advantages that slaves possessed were made illegal. –Literacy was discouraged and allowing slaves to "hire out" became illegal. –Similarly, Virginia attempted to prevent enslaved people from piloting boats, from which they could travel too freely and learn about changes in the outside world that threatened white masters.

33. Louisiana Purchase Jefferson's plans for the nation (agriculture) depended upon western expansion and access to international markets. France regained control of Louisiana & Napoleon (risen to power in the French Revolution) threatened to block American access to the important port of New Orleans on the Mississippi River. New American settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains depended upon river transport to get their goods to market since overland trade to the east was expensive and impractical.

34. President Jefferson considered changing his traditional foreign policy stance to an anti-French alliance with the British. At the same time that he sent diplomats to France to bargain for continued trade access along the Mississippi –James Monroe, the top person negotiating in Paris, was empowered to purchase New Orleans and West Florida for between two and ten million dollars. Surprisingly, however, Napoleon offered much more. –He was militarily overextended and needing money to continue his war against Britain. Knowing full well that he could not force Americans out of the land France possessed in North America, Napoleon offered all of Louisiana to the U.S. for 15 million dollars. –Senate agreed and passed 26 to 6. –The dramatic expansion also contradicted Jefferson's commitment to reduce the national debt as swiftly as possible. –Although 15 million dollars was a relatively small sum, it was still an enormous price tag for the USA at that time.

35. The Purchase

36. In May 1804, a group of 50 Americans led by MERIWETHER LEWIS, Jefferson's personal secretary, and WILLIAM CLARK, an army officer, headed northwest along the Missouri River from St. Louis. Their varied instructions reveal the multiple goals that Jefferson hoped the expedition could accomplish. –find a route across the continent, –detailed observations of the natural resources and geography of the west. –Furthermore, they were to establish good relations with native groups in an attempt to disrupt British dominance of the lucrative Indian fur trade of the continental interior.

37. Journey of Lewis & Clark By Winter 1804 They reached Modern Day North Dakota & during the winter they established good relations with the Mandans and received a great deal of information about the best route for heading west to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition also hired several of the Frenchmen who lived among the Mandans to serve as guides and translators. Along with them came a fifteen-year-old Shoshone named Sacajawea who was married to one of the Frenchmen. –Her knowledge of the west and language skills played an important role in the success of the expedition. –Additionally, the presence of Sacajawea and her baby helped assure other Indian groups encountered further west that this could not be a war party.

39. By the winter of 1805 they had reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River, becoming the first U.S. citizens to succeed in a trans-continental crossing north of Mexico. Thomas Jefferson's belief that the future prosperity of the republic required the expansion of yeoman farmers in the west. ("EMPIRE OF LIBERTY“) Fort Clark was soon established at the Mandan villages. At first it provided the Mandans with a useful alternative to trading with the British and also offered military support from their traditional native enemies the Sioux, but the fort brought diseases that decimated the Mandan population. –When found by Lewis & Clark the Mandans were a thriving & economically important people. By 1830 there were less than 150 Mandans alive.