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The Psychology of Groups [Professor Name] [Class and Section Number]

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1 The Psychology of Groups [Professor Name] [Class and Section Number]

2 Today’s Learning Objectives 1.Review the evidence that suggests humans have a fundamental need to belong to groups. 2.Compare the sociometer model of self-esteem to a more traditional view of self-esteem. 3.Use theories of social facilitation to predict when a group will perform tasks slowly or quickly (e.g., students eating a meal as a group, workers on an assembly line, or a study group). 4.Summarize the methods used by Latané, Williams, and Harkins to identify the relative impact of social loafing and coordination problems on group performance.

3 Today’s Learning Objectives 6.Describe how groups change over time. 7.Apply the theory of groupthink to a well-known decision- making group, such as the group of advisors responsible for planning the Space Shuttle Challenger operation. 8.List and discuss the factors that facilitate and impede group performance and decision-making. 9.Develop a list of recommendations that, if followed, would minimize the possibility of groupthink developing in a group.

4 Warm Up: How many groups?  List all the groups that you belong to.  Think about groups that involve your family, friends, and peers (school and/or work).

5 Introduction

6 Overview The Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong, Affiliation in Groups, Identity and Membership, Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups, Social Loafing, Teamwork Group Development Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning Phases Making Decisions in Groups Group Polarization, Common Knowledge Effect, Groupthink You and Your Groups

7 Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong  Ostracism

8 Psychological Significance of Groups Affiliation in Groups  Theory of Social Comparison  Downward Social Comparison

9 Psychological Significance of Groups Identity and Membership  Social Identity Theory  Collective Self Esteem  Sociometer Model

10 Psychological Significance of Groups Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living

11 Overview The Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong, Affiliation in Groups, Identity and Membership, Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups, Social Loafing, Teamwork Group Development Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning Phases Making Decisions in Groups Group Polarization, Common Knowledge Effect, Groupthink You and Your Groups

12 Group Problem Solving Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board?

13 Group Problem Solving Solution This is what the solution looks like

14 CAT: Group Work Evaluations 1.Overall, how effectively did your group work together on this problem? Poorly Adequately Well Extremely well 2.Out of the 6 or 7 group members, how many participated actively most of the time? No OneSome People Most People Everyone 3.Out of the 6 or 7 group members, how many were fully prepared for the activity? No OneSome People Most People Everyone

15 CAT: Group Work Evaluations 4.Give one specific example of something you learned from the group that you probably wouldn't’t have learned working alone? 5.Give one specific example of something the other group members learned from you that they probably wouldn't’t have learned working alone? 6.Suggest one change the group could make to improve its performance.

16 Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups  Task dependent

17 Motivation and Performance  Social Loafing Did you observe social loafing in your group problem solving?

18 Motivation and Performance Teamwork  Shared mental model  Group cohesion

19 Overview The Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong, Affiliation in Groups, Identity and Membership, Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups, Social Loafing, Teamwork Group Development Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning Phases Making Decisions in Groups Group Polarization, Common Knowledge Effect, Groupthink You and Your Groups

20 Group Development Forming Phase: Members become oriented toward one another. Storming Phase: Members find themselves in conflict, and some solution is sought to improve the group environment. Norming Phase: Standards for behavior and roles develop that regulate behavior. Performing Phase: The group has reached a point where it can work as a unit to achieve desired goals. Adjourning Phase: The group disbands.

21 Overview The Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong, Affiliation in Groups, Identity and Membership, Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups, Social Loafing, Teamwork Group Development Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning Phases Making Decisions in Groups Group Polarization, Common Knowledge Effect, Groupthink You and Your Groups

22 Making Decisions in Groups  Group Polarization  Common Knowledge Effect

23 Making Decisions in Groups  Groupthink Groupthink  Form groups of 3 people  Read the article  Answer the questions on the handout  Class discussion

24 Making Decisions in Groups Four group-level factors that combine to cause groupthink:  Cohesion  Isolation  Biased leadership  Decisional stress

25 Overview The Psychological Significance of Groups The Need to Belong, Affiliation in Groups, Identity and Membership, Evolutionary Advantages of Group Living Motivation and Performance Social Facilitation in Groups, Social loafing, Teamwork Group Development Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning Phases Making decisions in groups Group Polarization, Common Knowledge Effect, Group Think You and your groups

26 Wrap Up: You and Your Groups

27 (CAT): Student-Generated Test Questions  In groups of 3 or 4 people write 3 test questions on material from this module.  Accurately and completely answer each question.

28 Photo Attribution Slide 1 Photo Credit: Group picture from another viewpoint over Baikal Vera & Jean-Christophe https://www.flickr.com/photos/magical-world/1282879308 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Slide 4 Photo Credit: IMG_0060 aiesecgermany https://www.flickr.com/photos/37438630@N08/4325094956/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/ Slide 5 Photo Credit: 3.Senior WorkOut Groups - - Grupos de la Tercera Edad - (mom) skerge https://www.flickr.com/photos/42149282@N00/4572202730 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Slide 7 Photo Credit: Racism Thomas Quine https://www.flickr.com/photos/91994044@N00/4331081980/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Slide 8 Photo Credit: HARLEM Keith DeBetham https://www.flickr.com/photos/harlemhappenings/493274426/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ Slide 9 Photo Credit: Women farmers in self-help groups at field visit in Haryana, India, by ILRI management and board ILRI https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/8186992303/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ Slide 10 Photo Credit: Group Selfie Prayitno / Thank you for (8 millions +) views https://www.flickr.com/photos/prayitnophotography/15336688748 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ Slides 14, 15 & 26 Photo Credit: Illustrated silhouette of a black cat nehtaeh79 http://www.freestockphotos.biz/stockphoto/16624 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Slide 15 Photo Credit: Digging a ditch Blake Read https://www.flickr.com/photos/blakeread/29721139/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Slide 16 Photo Credit: Racing Christopher Schmidt https://www.flickr.com/photos/56541240@N00/2956013767/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

29 Photo Attribution Slide 17 Photo Credit: Teamwork pmbbun https://pixabay.com/en/teamwork-co-workers-office-business-383939/ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en Slide 21 Photo Credit: A 'Push of Pike' between two teams of the Sealed Knot during a re-enactment of the Siege of Basing House, an event in the English Civil War Anguskirk https://www.flickr.com/photos/anguskirk/4956237853 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Slide 22 Photo Credit: Red Crayons Anne Santos https://www.flickr.com/photos/gingerldk/294115925 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ Slide 23 Photo Credit: groupthink khrawlings https://www.flickr.com/photos/23808252@N00/3177503505/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

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