1. Various degrees of inversion/eversion

2. Sole of the foot “rolls” inward

4. * Stretched or torn anterior talo-fibular ligament. * Mild pain and stiffness * Swelling – “egg” over lateral malleolus * Some immobility – able to walk

6. * Tear of anterior talo- fibular ligament and calcaneofibular lig. * Moderate pain * Ecchymosis –bruising and swelling- “orange” * Loss of motion/use

7. * Tear of the anterior talo-fibular, calcaneo- fibular and posterior talo-fibular ligament * Severe pain with deformity and instability * Extreme ecchymosis – swelling throughout foot and ankle

8. * Tear of the anterior tibio-fibular ligment * MOI: internal roatation of the foot while external rotation of lower leg (tibia and fibula) while foot is planted

9. Integrity of anterior talo-fibular ligament

10. Determined the integrity of the calcaneofibular ligament

11. * Rest – 24-48 hours * Ice – 1 st 48 hours – 20 mins on/20 mins off * Compression – wrap, brace or boot * Elevation – prop leg up as much as possible * Recovery and rehabilitation will vary depending on the degree and the chronic instability.