1. Brookhaven Science Associates U.S. Department of Energy Longitudinal Space Charge Micro- bunching in SDL (DUV-FEL) T. Shaftan, L. Carr, H. Loos, B. Sheehy, (BNL) Z. Huang, C. Limborg (SLAC) W.S. Graves (MIT/BATES) MICROBUNCHING AND BEAM BREAK-UP IN DUV-FEL ACCELERATOR, T. Shaftan, Z. Huang, L. Carr, W.S. Graves, C. Limborg, H. Loos, B. Sheehy, PAC 2003, Portland, Oregon

2. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 2 Positive RF slope Accelerate bunch at RF zero-crossing of tank 4 Spectrometer dipole Zero RF slope Negative RF slope Size of the chirped beam image at the monitor 14 is proportional to the bunch length ! The DUVFEL Accelerator RF gun 4.5 MeV Tank 1Tank 2Tank 3Tank 4 35 MeV75 MeV135 MeV200 MeV Spectrometerdipole Focusing triplets Chicane Monitors Beam Dump 14 Drive Laser Electron beam longitudinal diagnostics Num. 14For energy/time domain measurements we use TV monitor ( Num. 14 ) located after 72° spectrometer dipole “Zero-phasing” method of the bunch length measurement (single-shot !)“Zero-phasing” method of the bunch length measurement (single-shot !) to FEL

3. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 3 MotivationMotivation DUV FEL W.S. Graves, et al., PAC 2001, p. 2860 M. Huning et al., NIM A 475 (2001) p. 348 TTF “Zero-phasing” images “Zero-phasing” images from the spectrometer dipole revealed spiky structure with sub-picosecond period in the chirped beam energy spectrum Assuming that chirped bunch energy spectrum represents longitudinal density distribution  spikes could be treated as a spikes in the longitudinal bunch density (peak current) Calculating FEL slippage length for lasing at 266 nm as 70 um, follows that the spike width is comparable or less than slippage length  must cause degradation of FEL performance Similar effect has been observed at TTF

4. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 4 Modulation in RF gun drive laser We measure temporal profile of the laser (at 266 nm) by cross correlating it with the 120 fsec, 800 nm oscillator pulse in a nonlinear optical crystal (multi-shot measurement). This measurement has a resolution of ~200 fs, due to velocity mismatch in the crystal. Cross-correlation of the drive laser profile shows some amount of modulation (~5-10 %).

5. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 5 Structure with a Large Number Spikes Frequency spectrum (THz) Time, ps “Zero-phasing” image of uncompressed bunch with a large number of sharp spikes Energy spectrum, derived from the image, horizontal axis is scaled in picoseconds Frequency spectrum of upper plot. Spectrum shows modulation with harmonics in THz range. Harmonics  sharpness of the spikes.

6. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 6 Modulation dynamics with Compression (~300 pC) 02468 0 50 100 1.42 ps 012345 0 50 100 1.24 ps 00.511.522.5 0 200 0.43 ps 01234 0 100 200 0.93 ps Dynamics at “high” (>200 pC) charge differs from the dynamics at “low” charge Uncompressed bunch profile is smooth Experiment on modulation dynamics: Keep chicane constant and increase chirping tank phase (0  -13  -19  -25 degrees) Modulation shows up during compression Process n Compression: a} decreases modulation period (C times); b) increases bunch peak current (C times) 0° -19° -13° -25°

7. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 7 Sensitivity to the Chicane Strength n CSR-related effect ?  should be sensitive to the bending radius in the chicane magnets n Experiment: maintain the final bunch length constant, while changing chicane strength  initial and final (post-compressed) bunch properties are the same for any chicane strength, so only collective effect should show up ! n Compression factor is 1-hR 56  there is always a combination of h and R 56 that will maintain a constant compression ratio n Result of the experiment: in general the modulation is insensitive to the chicane settings 510152025303540 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Tank 2 Phase (Degree) Chicane Current (A) 0.1 0.3 0.6 1 1 1 1 1.2 1.5 1.7 Isolines of constant bunch length

8. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 8 For an energy-modulated bunch, the horizontal profile by rf zero-phasing is also modulated with an enhanced amplitude Space charge oscillation connects energy modulation with current modulation  Horizontal modulation appears much larger than the current modulation it intends to measure  “gain” = (amplitude of final energy modulation)/(initial density modulation) Space Charge Model (courtesy of Z. Huang) Space charge impedance per unit length for transversely uniform coasting beam in free space:  - energy, r b – bunch radius,  - modulation frequency Z. Huang, SLAC-PUB-9788

9. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 9 SimulationSimulation Energy, MeV Time, ps Beam parameters: E=65 MeV I=200 A r b =0.4 mm L drift =15 m mod =0.2 ps  E mod = 20 keV

10. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 10 Modulation analysis An example of the chirped beam image. One of the interesting features here is evolution of the modulation wavelength along the bunch, corresponding to nonlinear chirp. Interpretation of double peaks on the left: “overmodulated” periods. Every couple of double spikes in this region represents a single modulation period. Tail of the bunch is folded back over, introducing bright region on the right side of the image (space charge). “Analysis of space charge driven modulation in electron bunch energy spectra”, T. Shaftan and L.H. Yu, BNL preprint.

11. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 11 “Overmodulation” effect Measuring distance  E between “double spikes” we can determine amplitude of the energy modulation. where  is the energy modulation,  is the modulation frequency “Analysis of space charge driven modulation in electron bunch energy spectra”, T. Shaftan and L.H. Yu, BNL preprint.

12. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 12 Fourier spectrum of structure (with L.H. Yu) Harmonics in the Fourier transform of energy spectrum Assuming chirped coasting beam with constant density and sinusoidal energy modulation, we can derive expression for the energy spectrum. This expression is valid for the case of “overmodulated” bunch as well Energy spectrum must contain a family of harmonics of modulation frequency Frequency spectrum (THz) Time, ps “Analysis of space charge driven modulation in electron bunch energy spectra”, T. Shaftan and L.H. Yu, BNL-71490-2003-JA.

13. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 13 Sensitivity to the Transverse Beam Size n Space charge force is a function of r b n Change the beam size of the compressed beam along the accelerator  effect on modulation ? 200 A 40 A large linac beam (1 mm) small linac beam (250  m) Analytical calculations of “gain” in the modulation by Z. Huang 3 different lattice solutions  3 different RMS beam sizes along the accelerator

14. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 14 Results of the Experiment Average RMS beam sizes along the accelerator: 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm “Zero-phasing” profiles of the beam (300 pC) for different lattice solutions:

15. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 15 IR Radiation Measurements Wavelength, um >40 um >100 um >160 um Filters: Modulated” “Modulated” bunch profile “Non-modulated” “Non-modulated” bunch profile n Does modulation enhance any bunching in the bunch longitudinal density ? n Experiment: n Change the beam size   “modulated” and “non- modulated” bunch profiles n We measured CTR from metallic mirror, using IR detector and low-pass IR filters (cut-off of 40 µm, 100 µm, 160 µm) n Modulation wavelength = 90 µm (from “zero-phasing”)  expect enhancement of the coherent IR power in this spectral region if bunching n Result of the experiment: No difference is found between“modulated” and “non- modulated” beam conditions Bolometer signal, uVs

16. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 16 Dependence on Energy n Space charge force is a function of  n Change the energy of the compressed beam (300 pC) along the accelerator   effect on modulation ? n Vary tank 3 energy, maintaining the same all other beam parameters (bunch length, transverse beam size, charge) 60 MeV 80 MeV 110 MeV

17. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 17 0-phasing profiles without (a) and with chicane (b) Initial chirp = 0 in both situations (no compression) a) +90° -90° b) +90° -90° Initial chirped beam profiles (no compression)

18. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 18 (I) Results of the experiment n Number of modulation periods and modulation wavelength for different energies is different ! n Product is constant: bunch length is the same for different energies n Why ? “Experimental investigation of a space charge induced modulation in high- brightness electron beam”, T. Shaftan and Z. Huang, BNL-71491-2003-JA

19. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 19 “Final phase space”, spectrometer “Initial phase space” Beam: 70 MeV and other parameters of the experiment Space Charge “kicks” 3 m long linac section 16 m 1 m Slippage “kicks” Model of “Modulation versus Energy” experiment Assumptions: 1) Do not take into consideration bunch prehistory before chicane. We did not change anything but energy using tank after chicane. 2) Initial conditions at the end of the chicane  no initial energy modulation, certain amount of initial density modulation (spectral shape is unknown)

20. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 20 (II) Results of the experiment n Simulated normalized spectra of energy and density modulations for 50 MeV and 110 MeV n With energy increase average spectral frequency of energy modulation shifts toward higher freq. range n Therefore modulation wavelength decreases and number of modulation periods increases for higher energy n Another words: Plasma oscillations at different frequencies accumulate different phase advance while the bunch travels down to the accelerator. Initial density modulation Final density modulation Final energy modulation 50 MeV 110 MeV “Experimental investigation of a space charge induced modulation in high-brightness electron beam”, T. Shaftan and Z. Huang, BNL-71491-2003-JA

21. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 21 (III) Results of the experiment n Using technique for “overmodulated” bunch (#11), we processed measured data and found energy modulation amplitude for different energies. n Dashed line: simulation, assuming 6 % density fluctuations (and no initial energy modulation) at the end of the chicane- compressor. “Experimental investigation of a space charge induced modulation in high-brightness electron beam”, T. Shaftan and Z. Huang, BNL-71491-2003-JA

22. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 22 Summary & Conclusions n We observed a peculiar phenomena in the longitudinal phase space n Space charge oscillation transforms small longitudinal density modulation into energy modulation along the bunch n “Zero-phasing” shows spikes, corresponding to the energy modulation in the chirped bunch energy spectrum. n A space charge model of the phenomena is in fair agreement with experimental data (based on several assumptions have been made) n Complete understanding of the phenomena requires further analysis n Is this structure dangerous for accelerator performance ? o It increases the projected energy spread in the bunch and distorts longitudinal phase space o It does not affect compression for DUV FEL experimental conditions o magnetic system may convert this modulation into real spatial bunching

23. T.Shaftan, S2E Workshop, Aug. 2003 23 AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements n Research supported by DOE Contract No. DE- AC02-98CH10886 n We wish to thank D. Dowell, A. Doyuran, P. Emma, S. Krinsky, J.B. Murphy, J. Rose, X.J. Wang, Z. Wu, L.H. Yu for their help and many stimulating discussions.