1. Life in the Ocean Plankton: floaters Nekton: swimmers Benthos: bottom dwellers

2. Phytoplankton Carry on photosynthesis Diatoms, coccolithophores, dinoflagellates Zooplankton Consumers Radiolarians, forams, others Plants vs. animals

3. PHYTOPLANKTON

4. ZOOPLANKTON

5. Time as a planktonic organism Meroplankton Part of life as a plankton; rest as nekton or benthos Holoplankton All of life as plankton

6. Nekton Many varieties Consider commercial fisheries

7. Commercial fisheries Changes in last 50 years Overfishing Causes: human population, changes in fishing practices, environmental degradation, poor management, by-catch Solutions: close fishing areas, marine sanctuaries, tighter regulations, consumer choices (http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sf w_regional.aspx)http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sf w_regional.aspx

8. Aquaculture A solution to overfishing? Pros and cons

9. Benthos Rocky shores Tide pools Sand and mud Deep sea Coral reefs Just a few examples

10. Where benthic organisms live Epifuana Live on top of sediments Infauna Live within sediments

11. Epifauna

12. Infauna (a, b, c, e)

13. Land 86% Sea 14% Benthic 98% Pelagic 2% Why these patterns? DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE