1. Imperialism Policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories.

2. REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM 1. Search for new markets 2. Spread American culture and governmental ideas 3. Spread Christian religion 4. Expand Military power in the area 5. Trading ports and outlets to Asia and the Pacific Nations wanted to – extend their power in the world – gain access to raw materials 6. Competition with European countries in Africa and Asia

3. Economic benefits of imperialism Colonies provided raw materials and natural resources – Rubber, sugar, tea, iron, petroleum, & timber Extractive Economies!!!!! Imperial country removed raw materials from colony & ships them home to create products!!!

4. ALFRED T. MAHAN He was a military historian and U.S. Navy officer The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Used the quote – “He who controlled the seas controlled the world”

5. The Influence of Sea Power Mahan pushed Congress and the Presidents to build a modern fleet He advocated establishing foreign bases in Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines – Places for ships to refuel and resupply U.S. expanded and updated Navy Built steel-plated and steam- powered battleships like the U.S.S. Maine U.S. Navy—3 rd largest world navy by 1900

6. Social Darwinism fuels imperialism Survival of the fittest in society Belief in racial, national, and cultural superiority Justified ruling over “inferior” peoples Americans concerned about being left out of grab for colonies and not surviving Manifest Destiny taken into new regions of the World

7. Josiah Strong Religious philosopher Encouraged missionaries to travel the world EDUCATE and CHRISTIANIZE Later apologized for RACIST imperialism

9. Frederick Jackson Turner Historian 1893—Presented The Significance of the Frontier in American History at the Chicago World Fair Frontier was a “safety valve” Place where Americans could go to make a fresh start and/or make fortunes Americans now spanned continent—Turner’s followers urged oversees expansion as the new frontier

10. MATTHEW PERRY Commodore Matthew Perry sailed fleet of warships into Tokyo Bay, Japan Japan had closed off ports to rest of the world Japanese thought Perry’s steamships were “giant dragons puffing smoke”

11. Treaty with Japan March, 1854—Perry made a treaty that opened trade with Japan for America Terms of Treaty 1.Peace & friendship between the U.S. & Japan 2.Opening of 2 ports at Shimoda and Hakodate 3.Help & protection for shipwrecked American ships & persons on Japanese Coast 4.Permission for American ships to buy supplies, coal, water, and other provisions at Japanese ports.

12. Power in the Pacific 1867—U.S. takes Midway Islands 1875 & 1887—Treaties with Hawaiian Islands increased trade & gained right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor COALING AND FUELING STATION

13. Purchase of Alaska 1867—Purchased from Russia by Secretary of State William Seward for $7.2 million Vast Tundra – “Seward’s Folly” – “Seward’s Icebox” SOUTH WAS UNDER RECONSTRUCTION STILL

14. ALASKA!!!!!!!!!!! Largely increases size of U.S. Rich in resources Timber Oil Gold Abundance of fish & wildlife

15. LATIN AMERICA U.S. businessmen wanted to expand their trade 1889—Secretary of State James Blaine sponsored the First International Pan-American Conference 1. Discussed benefits of trade between countries 2. Led to Pan-American Highway link between the U.S., Central America, & South America in 1920s

16. The Monroe Doctrine 1823—U.S. would protect states in the Western Hemisphere from European Aggression 1895—Border dispute between British Guiana & Venezuela US threatened WAR Britain backed off Established U.S. power in Western Hemisphere

17. American Presence in Hawaii Since the late 1700s, Hawaii had been a stop for U.S. merchant ships on their way to East Asia Missionaries established Christian churches & schools American planters established sugar cane plantations Group of planters/ businessmen form the Hawaiian League Goal was to overthrow the King and control Hawaii both politically & economically SANFORD DOLE was the American BOSS in HAWAII

18. The King & the bayonet constitution 1887—King Kalakaua forced to amend and sign Hawaii's new constitution to limit voting rights to only wealthy white landowners & planters

19. McKinley Tariff 1890s— McKinley Tariff placed a tariff on Hawaiian sugar grown by American citizens overseas Made it more expensive than sugar grown in the U.S. (Florida, Louisiana, Texas) Feared lower sales/profits

20. Queen Liliuokalani 1891—King Kalakaua died His sister took over Very nationalistic Resented power of white planters Abolished the Bayonet Constitution

23. AMERICAN LED OVERTHROW 1893—American planters overthrew queen Backed by U.S. officials and United States Marines – John Stevens, U.S. Minister of Hawaii ordered the Marines to help rebels seize power New government established by white planters - SANFORD DOLE

24. Annexation of Hawaii President Harrison signed the treaty to annex Hawaii shortly before he left office – Senate could not approve it before Cleveland took office 1893—Cleveland took he refused to sign the agreement & apologized for the wrong done to the Hawaiian people 1897—William McKinley and his administration favored the annexation of Hawaii 1898—Congress officially annexes Hawaii as U.S. Territory