1. Elements of Osteology
DR .Emmanuel
M.D, MSc, PGDGH

2. Session Objectives Objectives is to able to
Use the anatomical terminology in osteology
State major bony structures
Name and classify the bones of the body
Link bone structure and clinical conditions
References:
Frank Netter Atlas on Osteology

4. Common bone conditions
Osteoporosis
Fractures
Dislocations/ subluxation
Cancer: Ostesarcoma,chondrosarcomas

7. Founders of Anatomy Hippocrates Hippocrates----BC 460~377)
Father of Medicine
Mother of Nursing?...FN
Other professions: Find out

8. Galen
Galen AD 130~200

9. Andreas Vesalius
Vesalius------(1514~1564)
Founder of modern Anatomy

10. William Harvey
Harvey------(1578~1657)
Described correctly the CVS

11. Osteology Osteology is the anatomical study of bones
Conventionally we study the dry bones in the anatomy class
This sets the understanding of bones in clinical settings e.g in Radiology, Orthopedics, Traumatolgy, Surgery etc

12. Functions of the bone
Support and protection
The skeleton (bones, ligaments and tendons) supports and protects soft tissues
Muscle attachment and locomotion
Production of blood cells
Mineral reservoir

13. Terms used in osteology
Bone surface have structures e.g.:
Elevations
Facets
Head and Condyle
Depressions
Foramen

14. Elevations Linear elevations
Lines/ridges e.g nuchal line, supracondylar ridges
Crest is a prominent line/ridge
Rounded elevations
-Tubercle- small rounded elevation
-Protuberance- knob-like elevation
-Tuberosity- big rough elevation
-Trochanter- rough elevation of femur
-Malleolus- harmer like elevation
Sharp elevation
-Spinous process
-Clinoid process

15. Facet: Small, smooth, flat articular surface
Head and Condyle: Rounded articular surface normally covered by cartilage e.g head of humerus, condyles of femur
Epicondyle--prominent process just above a condyle

16. Depressions Sulcus: Shallow and long depression on the bone surface.
Fossa: Deep depressions on the bone surface
Notch or Incisura: Semicircular depressions
Foramen-Openings or holes
Canal- A long foramen
Meatus- canal that enter the bone but does not go through it

17. Types of bones Classification
Long bones- humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges
Short bones- carpals and tarsal
Flat bone- cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs and innominate
Irregular bones- vertebrae, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine and inferior nasal concha
Sesamoid bone- bones embedded in a tendon e.g. patella
Pneumatic bones- irregular bones with air filled cavities/ sinuses e.g. maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and mastoid part of the temporal

18. Part of a long bone
Diaphysis- has a thick outer compact bone
Metaphysis- a thin part of diaphysis adjoning epiphysis
Epiphysis- proximal and distal rounded part

20. Long bones (found in limbs):
Diaphysis or shaft ,
which is hollow (called medullary cavity ), filled with bone marrow
Two ends－epiphysis articular surface, metaphysis, epiphysial cartilage , and 　　　epiphysial line
Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones

21. Flat bones: thin
Irregular bones: have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones
Sesamoid bones: develop within tendon
e.g patella

22. General structures of bone
Bone substance
compact bone
spongy bone
trabeculae
In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë

23. Red marrow haematopoietic center Yellow marrow: fatty
Periosteum :
Outer or fibrous layer
Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts
Endosteum is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.
Bone marrow
Red marrow haematopoietic center
Yellow marrow: fatty

24. Chemical composition and physical properties
Organic material：
Inorganic salts
Organic material
Inorganic salts
Children 1
Adult 3 7
Old 4

25. The Bones of Limbs

26. Bones of upper limbs Composition: Should girdle: clavicle，scapula
Bones of free upper limb
Humerus in arm
Radius and ulna in forearm
Carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges in hand

27. Clavicle
“S” shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward
Sternal end medially and acromial end laterally

28. Scapula Three borders Three angles Two surfaces
Superior: coracoid process ,
scapular notch
Lateral (axillary) border
Medial (vertebral) border
Three angles
Superior: opposite to the 2nd rib
Inferior: opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space
Lateral: glenoid cavity,
supra- and infraglenoid tubercles
Two surfaces
Anterior surface concave:
subscapular fossa
Posterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae, spine of scapula , acromion

29. Humerus
Proximal end: head of humerus, anatomical neck, greater and lesser tubercles, crests of greater and lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, surgical neck
Shaft: deltoid tuberosity on lateral surface, and a groove for radial nerve on posterior surface
Distal end: lateral and medial epicondyles, capitulum , trochlear, coronoid fossa and radial fossa (anteriorly) and olecranon fossa (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar nerve

30. Radius
Upper end: head of radius, neck of radius, radial tuberosity, and articular circumference
Shaft：interosseous border
Lower end: styloid process laterally, ulnar notch medially, and carpal articular surface inferiorly

31. Fracture of the distal end pf the radius

32. Radius Proximal end: olecranon coronoid process trochlear notch
radial notch
ulnar tubersity
Distal end
styloid process
head of Radius

33. Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges of fingers
Proximal row ― (lateral to medial) scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform
Distal row ― (lateral to medial) trapezium大, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
Metacarpal bones
Numbered one to five from thumb to little finger
Structure of each―base (proximally), shaft, and head (distally)
Phalanges of fingers
Consist of 14 ―two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digits
Structure of each ―base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx