2. Learn how anthropologists use bones to determine whether remains are human; to determine the age, sex, and race of an individual; to estimate height; and to determine when death could have occurred.

3.  How do forensic scientists go about identifying an unknown individual, and what information can yield information about that person’s fate?

4.  A type of physical anthropology that specializes in the human skeletal system.  Identifies victims and sometimes cause of death.  Examine bodies that have decomposed, been badly burned or mummified.  Conclusions reached are used in a court of law

5.  Are remains human?  One individual or several?  When did death occur  Gender, age, and race.  Cause of death-homicide, suicide, accident, or natural cause  Height, body weight, and physique.  Can a facial reconstruction be performed?

6.  Provides structure and rigidity.  Protects soft tissue and internal organs.  Protects the brain.  Provides attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.  Produces red blood cells.  Serves as storage for minerals.

7.  Long bones are longer than wide – arms, legs, feet.  Short bones are as long as wide –wrist and ankle.  Flat bones are flat and enclose soft organs – skull, scapula, sternum, hip, ribs.  Irregular bones are irregularly shaped – vertebrae and some bones of skull.

8.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPrx QkjjExI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPrx QkjjExI

9.  Forensic scientists can estimate height by examining one or more of the long bones – femur, tibia, humerus, radius.  Separate formulas for male and female height.

10. MALE HEIGHT, HFEMALE HEIGHT, H H = femur  2.23 + 69.08 H = tibia  2.39 + 81.68 H = humerus  2.97 + 73.57 H = radius  3.65 + 80.40 H = femur  2.21 + 61.41 H = tibia  2.53 + 72.57 H = humerus  3.14 + 64.97 H = radius  3.87 + 73.50 Do not copy, find the resource page 416

11.  Determining sex using bones – os pubis, sacrum, and ilium, shape of the skull, the shape of the mandible, and the size of the occipital protuberance.  Three areas that can be examined on the pelvic region are; A. the width of the pubic arch B. the width of the pubic body C. the presence of a well-defined ventral arc in females.

12. A= pubic body, B= ventral arc, c= pubic arch

13. Green arrows show pubic arch

14.  Different indicators can be used, but investigator use multiple sites on the skeleton and give age ranges.  Sites used; Erupting teeth Epiphyses – growth plates Closure of the cranial sutures 25-30 years old.

16. Epiphyses – bone development

17.  The bones of the skull join along serrated joints called sutures.  The sagital suture is found on top of the skull and separates left from right side.  The coronal suture runs from the temporal area on one side over the top of the skull to the other side.  In males, the sagital suture is closed around 26-32 ya, and females 29-35 ya.