1. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 1 Norwegian High Energy Physics Outline: Some definitions and clarifications The Norwegian HEP activities (Overview and past, LHC construction, Current) – linked to today’s agenda Particle Physics Community – and resources University student and Science student overview Conclusions Updated version of talk given by Prof. C.A.Lutken for P-ECFA December 2006 – i.e. with the latest numbers and some additions here and there

2. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 2 Norwegian High Energy Physics Some clarifications and definitions: We have Universities (offering everything up through Ph.D) and University Colleges (offering up through master) Permanent staff (scientific+technical+several PhDs) are funded by Universities –There is a trend to move most PhD grants to universities The Norwegian Research Council’s CERN related budgets fund Construction + Maintenance & Operation, travel and subsistence, most grants (some PhDs and all Post.Docs), Technical students, Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer Officer, etc Additional funding: GRID activities (national, Nordic, EU), some in Astroparticle/Cosmology research, and various smaller grants for projects and people (see previous presentation by B.Jacobsen) There is significant increase of CERN related funding since previous ECFA visit, but at that time is was abnormally low after “crisis” in 1994-1997.

3. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 3 Norwegian High Energy Physics More clarifications and definitions: Norway’s Research Funding is at 1.6% of the GNP, the public funding is “normal” at European level, while the industry funding is abnormally low Norwegian University funding is low – providing small possibilities for Research without extra resources in terms of funds or personnel from the Research Council Norway’s GNP is high; above 50k$ (PPP) per head (and there is a significant budget surplus every year), the population is 4.7 million Norway is 2200 km away from CERN (some parts much further)

4. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 4 Norway at CERN Norwegian HEP activities (the last 20 years): At LEP the effort was focused on DELPHI – in parallel with some fixed target experiments, in particular for heavy ion studies For LHC Norway participate in ATLAS and ALICE, taking on important construction tasks (silicon detector systems, calorimeter modules, trigger and readout electronics and cryogenic systems) and computing preparation, now focusing on operation and preparation for data Norwegian/Nordic effort to prepare computing facilities for data analysis (NORDUGRID) Some smaller activities outside CERN – BABAR and BRAHMS, HERA-B – help(ed) to ensure analysis projects from 2000 to LHC startup Increased focus on technical student programme - now very successful Recently more activities in Astroparticle physics and Cosmology, but so far limited links between the Norwegian “astrophysics and theory focused community” and the “CERN related” community ISOLDE activities has been going on since the start – funding very marginal Theory connections with CERN remain important – based on personal contacts and initiatives Norwegian HEP overview

5. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 5 The major technology activities at CERN last 10 years: 1.Construction of silicon modules for ATLAS (UiB, UiO) 2.PHOS detector readout for ALICE (UiB, UiO) 3.High Level Trigger development for ALICE (UiB, UiO) 4.Construction of cryogenics tanks for ATLAS (NTNU, UiO, Industry) 5.RD50 (UiO, SINTEF) – R&D work for future detector systems 6.GRID software development LHC detector construction

6. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 6 Norway at CERN Main goals: best possible science, more people to/involved at CERN, pursue technology developments. Organised in 3 main projects: (1) ATLAS and (2) ALICE: Physics analysis, detector operation, pattern recognition software – mostly the experimental particle physics and heavy ions groups at UiB and UiO – in ATLAS and ALICE. Include also staff for Bergen and Gjøvik University Colleges. Theory programs for the theoretical physicist but limited funding Links to Norwegian part of Nordic GRID facility for data-analysis Talks by Ould-Saada, Roehrich, Bomark, Bravina (3) Instrumentation and technology: Silicon technologies for trackers and calo readout, a Technology Student program, Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer Officer, CLIC involvement. Talks by Rohne, Nordahl In addition (outside CERN related funding) : Astroparticle physics – for example Planck and Gravitational lensing (no talk) Norwegian low energy nuclear physics community activities at ISOLDE (radioactive beam) – funding not secured (talk by Siem) A very significant GRID development program (talk by Read) Specifically funded project for Babar (talk by Eigen) On-going programmes 2006-2011

7. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 7 HEP in Norway Red: Universities (offering everything up through Ph.D) – Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim Blue: University Colleges currently involved at CERN (offering up through master), some also involved in ATLAS/ALICE – and all technical students

8. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 8 Personnel in HEP - 2006 Comments: Permanent Scientific Staff (Professors) need to be scaled to 50% to get to FTEs Post.Docs+Ph.D students at 100% Technical staff estimated in each case Not included: Around 40 Master students in addition in these areas Around 10-12 Technical students at CERN Some GRID personnel on EU and Nordic funding (students and post.doc) in Oslo (4 people)

9. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 9 Personnel in HEP - 2009 Comments: Astroparticle physics kept unchanged since 2006 Increase in Ph.D and Post.Doc since 2006 And a very large increase since 2002 – then we had 1-2 post.docs But decrease of 25% in permanent positions recently Also ISOLDE, theory not fully checked (names ok, percentages not all checked) Not included: Around 40 Master students in addition in these areas Around 10-15 Technical students at CERN All: FTE distributed over 150-160 people including Masters and Technical Students

10. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 10 HEP funding Warning: Permanent staff costs covered by Universities and not included in the budget calculations below (at the level of 20 FTE or so). More detailed and corrected numbers will be shown in other talks but this is the overall picture. Project Support from the Norwegian Research Council: 1998-2005: Average of 2.3 MChf/year Covers LHC experiments construction costs and related equipment, travel, subsistence, only very few post.docs, around half the ph.d grants (the rest is a mixture of University grants and special grants) Additions: Industry Liaison In the later years Nordic funding for GRID development work (2-3 people) Some Astroparticle/Cosmology funding as well in the second half of funding period 2006-2011: Average of 3.2 MCHf/year Covers Maintenance & Operation for the LHC experiment (300k), some R&D material, travel, subsistence, now mostly post.docs and several ph.d grants, technical students and ILO+TTO) Additions: GRID funding and support sufficient to build up and operate the Norwegian part of the NordicTier 1. EU and Nordic funding for GRID work Funding for Astroparticle physics/Cosmology. Some specific projects (BABAR, PET, personal grants for outstanding young researchers ….) Funding has improved, even if we take 8 years of inflation into account. It should be said that the 1998-2005 reference level was approved after very difficult discussions in 1996-7 and represented a significant reduction compared to the beginning of 90’ties.

11. School system Compulsory education was extended from 9 to 10 years following a reform for compulsory school in 1997. It is divided into the primary stage (grades 1 to 7), with the child starting at age 6 and finishing at age 13, and the lower secondary stage (grades 8 to 10), for those aged 14 to 16. Most pupils move on to upper secondary education and training (levels 11-13). Around 60-70 000 pupils finish 13 th grade. Most of them move on to some form of higher education, so in the higher education systems there are roughly 200 000 students (close to 60% women, 7% foreign in total, growing to 25% Ph.Ds candidates with foreign passports). S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 11

12. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 12 Higher education

13. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 13 Science and Technologies

14. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 14 Ph.D and Physics As you have seen 40 of these are in our field Note that we recruit also outside the physics student population to our field (engineering, IT, technology areas.. ) – in particular true for construction projects, R&D, GRID, etc..

15. S.Stapnes, R-ECFA Oslo, May 2009 15 Conclusions + LHC detector construction projects successful, now full focus towards physics + More funding now available thanks to combined effort of the researchers, Universities and Research Council (around 50% increase – but still only 20-25%* of CERN fee). + Well positioned to harvest from ATLAS and ALICE – and have revitalised R&D in view of SLHC, ILC, CLIC etc – in funding period 2006 to 2011. + More Post.Docs in our system (from 1-2 to well above 10) during the last years. + GRID development, support and activity seems very solid – have given substantial extra funds through National, Nordic and EU programs. + Strong technical student programme with new Norwegian institutions. + Reasonable and steady flow of good students into Science and Physics (after marked drop in the period 1995-2002). + Astroparticle physics / Cosmology becoming stronger (without hurting trad. HEP) – but still largely unconnected -Many permanent positions lost the last year, not yet recovered -Permanent staff at CERN too low -Focus on Post.Docs did hurt Ph.D grant financing, has now been adjusted to some level with common efforts from universitities and moving some post.doc funding back to ph.ds -Theory still not well funded. -ISOLDE participation to be secured – funds not yet there. * University staff salaries for permanent posts plus a few Ph.D grants not included in this equation.